Class #8- ANS Flashcards by Wesley Jones

Functions of the ANS

-Control the general visceral motor system
-Adjust Heart Rate
-Adjust Blood Pressure
-Adjust Body Temp
-Adjust GIT secretions
-Bring blood flow to needed areas

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What neuro-transmitters do the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the visceral motor system release?

Sympathetic: Norepinephrine (NE)

Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine (ACh)

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Where is the enteric nervous system?

In the GI tract

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Difference between ANS and somatic NS effectors

ANS effectors innervate cardiac + smooth muscles and glands

Somatic innervates skeletal muscle

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Difference between motor neuron pathways between ANS and somatic (hint: how many?)

Somatic: one-neuron pathway

ANS: two-neuron
-postganglion neurons
-preganglion neurons

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Difference between somatic and ANS neurotransmitters

Somatic: ACh only

ANS:
-ganglia: ACh
-Sympathetic: NE + epinephrine + ACh
-Parasympathetic: ACh

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What part of the brain does voluntary control of skeletal muscle come from in somatic NS?

Cerebral cortex

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Difference between ANS and somatic sensory input

Somatic: normal senses

ANS: visceral receptors

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What are the four “E”s of sympathetic division of the ANS?

(what “excites” the ANS?)

-Exercise
-Excitement
-Emergency
-Embarrassment

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Length of preganglion and post ganglion fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS

Sympathetic:
-Pre = short
-Post = long

Parasympathetic:
-Pre = long
-Post = short

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Where is the sympathetic division of the ANS along the spine?

Thoracolumbar region
-All T segements
-Upper 2 Lumbar

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What are the 3 “D”s of parasympathetic ANS?

(symptoms of “rest and digest”)

-Digestion
-Defecation
-Diuresis

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Where is the para- sympathetic division of the ANS along the spine?

Cranio-sacral

(vagus + sacral spinal nerves)

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Number of neurons per message in sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

2 each

Sympathetic: preganglion = shorter than post

Parasympathetic: preganglion longer than post

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T/F: Ganglia are terminal in the sympathetic ANS

FALSE
They are terminal in the parasympathetic

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T/F: Post-ganglionic fibers are short in the Parasympathetic ANS

TRUE

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T/F: Neurotransmitter of the para-sympathetic ANS is ACh

TRUE

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T/F: Preganglion axons in the sympathetic ANS are unmyelinated

FALSE
They are myelinated

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Location of cell bodies of pre and post-ganglionic sympathetic division of the ANS

Pre:
-Lateral gray horns
-Thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

Post:
-Sympathetic ganglion
-Prevertebral and paravertebral

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Where are pre vertebral ganglion?

-Anterior to vertebral column, close to large abdominal arteries
-Innervate organs below the diaphragm

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What are the 5 pre-vertebral ganglion?

1) Celiac

2) Superior mesenteric (near that artery)

3) Inferior mesenteric artery (near that artery)

4) Aorticorenal ganglion (renal artery from aorta)

5) Renal (near renal artery of each kidney)

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Where are para-vertebral ganglion?

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

-2 chains of each side of the vertebral column
-Extend from base of skull to coccyx
-Innervate organs above the diaphragm

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Number of sympathetic trunk ganglia
(para-vertebral)

-3 cervical (upper, middler, lower)

-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

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What do para-vertebral ganglia do?

(Hint: give and receive)

-Receive preganglionic axons (white rami communicants) from T1-L2 segments

-Give postpanglionic nerves (gray rami communicants) from all the ganglia

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White rami communicants

-Have sympathetic PRE-ganglionic axons -Connect anterior ramus of spinal nerve with ganglia of sympathetic trunk -Myelinated axons -T1-L2 segments

Gray rami communicants

-Have sympathetic POST-ganglionic axons -Connect ganglia of sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves -Unmyelinated axons -All 31 pairs of spinal nerves have gray rami -Supply skin sweat glands, smooth muscle in blood vessels, and hair follicle muscles

White rami vs gray rami communicants

White: -Myelinated -Preganglionic -Only T1-L2 -"Entry path:" spinal nerve to sympathetic trunk ganglion Gray: -Unmyelinated -Postganglionic -All pairs of spinal nerves -"Exit path:" sympathetic trunk ganglion to spinal nerve

Horner's Syndrome (symptoms and causes)

Symptoms: -Ptosis (drooping eye) -Miosis (constricted pupil) -Anhidrosis (no sweating) Causes: -Genetics -Injury -Disease that affects superior cervical ganglion

What is Horner's Syndrome?

Loss of sympathetic innervation of one side of face

A patient is complaining of drooping of the upper eyelid, constricted pupil, & lack of sweating on the right side of the face. This patient most probably have injury of: a. Occulomotor (III) nerve b. Optic (II) nerve c. Ophthalmic division of trigeminal (V1) nerve d. superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

D. Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Are parasympathetic pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic axons myelinated or not?

Pre: myelinated Post: unmyelinated

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

-Axons of parasympathetic PRE-ganglionic neurons -Synapse with the POST-ganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia -Inside the colon, ureters, UB, and reproductive organs

What are terminal (intramural) ganglia?

Clusters of neuron cell bodies close to or in the wall of an organ

What are autonomic plexuses (chakras?)

Mixture of para-sympathetic and sympathetic axons, plus sympathetic ganglia Lie along major arteries

List of autonomic plexuses

-Cardiac -Pulmonary -Celiac (largest) -Renal -Superior mesenteric -Inferior mesenteric -Hypogastric -L & R pelvic plexuses

Sympathetic nerves to the heart

-Inferior cervical ganglia -T1-T4 -Enter cardiac plexus to supply the heart

Sympathetic nerves to the lungs

-Thoracic ganglia -T2-T4 -Post-ganglionic neurons enter pulmonary plexus to supply bronchi and bronchioles of lungs

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the UB are in ____

Terminal ganglia

Cholinergic neurons

-Release ACh -All sympathetic and parasympathetic PREganglion neurons NICOTINE -Sympathetic POSTganglion neurons in sweat glands MUSCARINIC

Where are Nicotinic receptors?

-Sym. and para-sympathetic ganglia -Adrenal medullae -Motor end plate of skeletal muscles

Where are Muscarinic receptors?

-Parasympathetic POSTganglia -Sweat glands -Blood vessels

Receptor Agonist vs Antagonist

-Agonist: binds to and activates a receptor -Antagonist: Blocks a receptor

Autonomic Tone

Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

What part of the brain regulates autonomic tone?

Hypothalamus

What structures of the ANS ONLY receive sympathetic innervation?

-Sweat glands -Hair follicle muscles -Blood vessels -Adrenal medullae -Kidneys -Spleen

Acupuncture's effect on ANS

-Reduce tension from sympathetic nerves -Enhance activity of parasympathetic nerves

What is the type of neurotransmitter of POSTganglion parasympathetic neurons?

Muscarinic

What parts of the hypothalamus control the ANS?

Posterior/lateral: Sympathetic Anterior/medial: Parasympathetic

What is Autonomic Dysreflexia?

-Exaggerated response of the sympathetic ANS -Occurs in spinal cord injuries at T6 or above

Symptoms of Autonomic Dysreflexia

-Above injury level: flushed, warm skin with profuse sweating -Below injury level: pale, cold, dry skin

What is Mass Reflex (disorder)?

-Intense activation of autonomic and somatic output from spinal cord -No inhibitory input from the brain -Occurs in spinal cord injury above T6, after spinal cod transection

Symptoms of Mass Reflex disorder

-Flexor spasms of lower limbs -Evacuation of UB and colon -Profuse sweating below level of lesion

Raynaud's phenomenon

-Fingers and toes become ischemic after cold exposure or with stress -Caused by sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle, causing vasoconstriction. Digits may look white or become necrotic -Stop smoking, alcohol use, overexposure to cold

What is Autonomic neuropathy?

-Neuropathy that affects 1+ autonomic nerves -Often caused by diabetes -Decreased sympathetic control of heart

Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy

Constipation Impotence Incontinence Fainting after standing up

What is the disease that results from improper parasympathetic innervation of distal segment of colon?

Megacolon

Dysautonomia symptoms (inherited disorder)

-Poor vasomotor control, poor coordination -Skin blotching -Absence of pain -Difficulty swallowing -Vomiting -Emotional instability -Reduced ability to sweat

Hyperhidrosis

Excessive sweating due to intense stimulation of sweat glands

Megacolon

Abnormally large colon Parasympathetic nerves of distal colon do not develop properly Causes massive dilation of normal distal colon -Extreme constipation, distention, vomiting

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)

-Pain -Hypersensitivity to stimuli (eg light touch) -Excessive coldness and sweating -Caused by sympathetic activation due to NOCICEPTORS as a result of injury/trauma Includes forearms, hands, knees, feet

T/F: The Skin is supplied by parasympathetic nervous system

FALSE Sympathetic NS

What do beta 3 receptors do? (adrenergic receptors)

cells of brown adipose tissue (used for heat production)

Adrenergic neurons and receptors

Neurons: release norepinephrine (Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons) Receptors: Bind both epinephrine and NE

When there is a 1 or 2 in front of an alpha or beta receptor, what does it mean?

a1 or b1: excitatory receptor a2 or b2: inhibitory

Chromaffin cells

Similar to postganglionic neurons, lack dendrites and axons Release hormones into the blood -80% epinephrine -20% norepinephrine

Quiz: Which of the following criteria is true regarding the sympathetic nervous system? a) Ganglia are terminal b) Post ganglionic fibers are short c) Neurotransmitter is ACh d) Is excited in emergency or threatening situations

Quiz: A patient is complaining of drooping of the upper eyelid, constricted pupil, and lack of sweating on one side of the face. This patient most probably has injury of: a. Optic (II) nerve b. Occulomotor (III) nerve c. Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion d. Ophthalmic division of trigeminal (V1) nerve

Quiz: The parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (nerve cells) for the wall of the urinary bladder are present in? a. terminal ganglia b. prevertebral ganglia c. paravertebral ganglia d. none of the above

Quiz: What is the type of the neurotransmitter receptors in the autonomic ganglia? a. Nicotinic b. Muscarinic c. Adrenergic d. Noradrenergic

Quiz: What is the usual neurotransmitter released in the autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)? a. Norepinephrine b. Acetyl choline c. Glutamate d. Serotonin

Quiz: T/F The parasympathetic nervous system is called the "fight-or-flight" system because it is excited when we find ourselves in emergency or in a threatening situation.

FALSE

Quiz: T/F Preganglionic sympathetic fibers arise from all the cervical & the upper 2 thoracic segments of the spinal cord.

FALSE

Quiz: T/F There are 2 types of sympathetic ganglia: prevertebral ganglia and paravertebral ganglia

TRUE

Quiz: T/F The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullae are considered similar to sympathetic postganglionic neurons, but they lack dendrites and axons.

TRUE

Quiz: T/F Receptor antagonist is a substance that binds to and activates a receptor, whereas receptor agonist is a substance that blocks a receptor preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect.

FALSE

Class #8- ANS Flashcards

(75 cards)