Anatomy 2 > Class #9 > Flashcards

Class #9 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Receptors for taste sensation in taste buds

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2
Q

5 taste sensations

A

salt, sour, sweet, bitter, and UMAMI (delicious)

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3
Q

“Umami” taste amino acids

A

Glutamate
Aspartate

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4
Q

Taste pores

A

Small opening in the taste bud in which fluids in the mouth come into contact with the surface of its receptor cells

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5
Q

Gustatory Pathway (simplified version)

A

1) Chemorecepotrs in taste buds
2) Facial nerve (anterior 2/3rd of tongue)
3) Glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3rd of tongue)
4) Vagus Nerve
5) Processing in Brain stem
-Medulla oblongata
-Thalamus

Final destination: primary gustatory area, located in the insula of the cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Taste Aversion

A

When you learn to avoid food if it upsets the digestive system

Likely caused by taste projections in hypothalamus and limbic system. Strong link between taste and emotions/pleasure

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7
Q

Which of the following
statements about the
sensation of taste is correct?
a. Taste buds are mainly
located in the back of the
throat (pharynx).
b. Taste buds respond to five primary taste sensations.
c. Taste buds are a type of
pressure receptors.
d. Taste sensations are
ultimately carried to the
general sensory cortex in
the parietal lobe.

A

B. Taste buds respond to five primary taste sensations

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8
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Energy in the form of waves that radiates from the sun

Different types - electromagnetic spectrum

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9
Q

What are the different types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Gamma rays
X-rays
UV rays
Infrared radiation
Microwaves
Radiowaves
Visible light

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10
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between two consecutive peaks of an electromagnetic wave

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11
Q

Where on the electromagnetic spectrum is visible light?

A

Range: 400 to 700nm

400: violet
700: red

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12
Q

T/F: White reflects all wavelengths of visible light, while black is present because it absorbs all wavelengths of visible light

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Muscles that close and raise the eyelids

A

Close: orbicularis oculi

Raise: levator palpebrae superioris

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14
Q

Myasthenia gravis (disorder)

A

Condition when patient has drooping of upper eyelids due to destruction of receptors for ACh

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15
Q

Conjunctivitis (disorder)

A

Inflammation of the conjunctival sac, which is:

Thin, U-shaped, lubricating space formed between the palpebral (inner eyelid) and bulbar (eyeball surface) conjunctiva

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16
Q

Chalazion (disorder)

A

Obstruction of the tarsal plate and tarsal gland of the eye

Caused by blockage of the gland. Painful, firm, not infectious

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17
Q

Stye (disorder)

A

Inflammation of the eyelashes and sebaceous glands at the eye margin

Painful, red, infectious

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18
Q

Describe the mechanism of crying

A

Tears: saline solution with mucous, antibodies, and lysozyme

1) Secreted by the lacrimal gland, enter the inner corner of eye called lacrimal puncta

2) Drainage: From these openings, the fluid travels through small tubes (lacrimal canaliculi) into a holding area called the lacrimal sac

3) Exit to the Nose: The fluid then moves through the nasolacrimal duct, which empties directly into the nasal cavity

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19
Q

Why does crying cause congestion?

A

Some tears spill over your eyelids, but a large volume is forced through the nasolacrimal duct and fills the nasal cavities. This sudden influx of fluid in the nose is what creates the “stuffy” or “runny nose” sensation of congestion

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20
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic eye muscles and their movements

A

1) Superior rectus - upward
2) Inferior recuts - downward
3) Lateral rectus - outward
4) Medial rectus - inward

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21
Q

Superior oblique muscle of eye

A

Rotates the eye downward and laterally
+
Counterclockwise rotation

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22
Q

Inferior oblique muscle of eye

A

Rotates the eye upward and laterally
+
Clockwise rotation

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23
Q

Which Cranial Nerve supplies all eye muscles??

(except lateral rectus and superior oblique)

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN3)

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24
Q

What Cranial Nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?

A

Abducens (CN6)

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25
What Cranial Nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye?
Trochlear (CN4)
26
Diplopia (double vision) disorder
Loss of coordination due to paralysis or weakness
27
Strabismus (squinting) disorder
Affected eye rotates medially or laterally due to congenital weakness
28
3 Layers of the Eyeball
1) Fibrous layer (sclera) -forms visible white part of eye and cornea 2) Vascular layer (choroid) -underneath the sclera, forms the ciliary body and retina 3) Inner Layer (retina) -Outer part absorbs light -Inner nervous-tissue contains rods and cones, coverts light into nerve impulses
29
Ciliary body of eye
Thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens
30
What are the 3 parts of the ciliary body of the eye?
1) Ciliary muscles -smooth muscle that controls the lens shape 2) Ciliary processes -Secretes aqueous humor fluid 3) Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) -Holds the lens in position -Transmits tension from ciliary muscles to the lens
31
Explain the relationship between ciliary muscles and far vision
Ciliary muscle relaxed = far vision This is due to the eye ligaments becoming taut, which pull the lens into a flattened position
32
Explain the relationship between ciliary muscles and near vision
Ciliary muscles contracted = near vision This is due to the slackened tension of the eye ligaments, causing the lens to become spherical
33
Explain the relationship between the ANS and ciliary muscles of the eye
Sympathetic stimulation: relaxation Parasympathetic stimulation: contraction Opposite of what you would assume
34
What is vitreous humor of the eye?
Large fluid-filled cavity between the lens and retina Contains clear, jellylike substance
35
What is aqueous humor of the eye?
Anterior, smaller fluid-filled cavity between the cornea and lens Contains a clear, watery fluid Carries nutrients for cornea and lens
36
What causes glaucoma eye diseases?
Blocked drainage of aqueous humor in the eye, causing high pressure Can lead to retinal and optic nerve damage and blindness
37
The posterior compartment of the eye is filled with ____ a) aqueous humor b) tears c) blood d) vitreous humor
D vitreous humor
38
Iris of eye meaning What type of muscle fibers does it have?
"Rainbow" Colored portion of eyeball Smooth
39
What determines one's eye color?
Melanin in the iris Brown: Lots of melanin Green: Moderate melanin Blue: Very low melanin
40
Function of the Iris in eye
Regulate amount of light entering through the pupil Bright lights stimulate Oculomotor Nerve (CN3), causes pupil constriction Dim light causes dilation of pupil
41
Ophthalmoscopy
Test that allows eye doctors to look at the fundus (back of the eye) Can detect glaucomas, macular degeneration, eye tumors, etc
42
Macular Degeneration (MD) + Symptoms
Loss of photoreceptors in the macula lutea Symptoms: -Loss in the middle of their visual field, which normally has highest acuity Leading cause of blindness in the West
43
Retinal Detachment (disorder)
Pigmented and neural layers of eye separate, allowing jellylike vitreous humor to seep in Can cause permanent blindness
44
Diabetic retinopathy
Damage to retinal blood vessels due to diabetes over time the retina may detach Treatment: laser surgery to stop bleeding and repair retina
45
What is a cataract?
"Waterfall" Clouding of the lens of the eye, usually from diabetes mellitus Can be removed and artificial lens implanted
46
Tell me about the Lens of the eye
Biconvex, avascular, transparent, flexible Can change shape, focus light on the retina Enclosed in a thin, elastic capsule (becomes less elastic after age 40)
47
Role of Lens in close and distant vision
Distant: Lens flattens -Sympathetic input Close: Lens bulges -Parasympathetic input
48
Difference between Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism
Myopia: nearsightedness Hyperopia: far sightedness Astigmatism: Blurry vision (Light rays cannot be evenly focused)
49
3 Layers of excitable cells in Retina
1) Outermost layer: rods and cones 2) Middle: bipolar 3) Inner layer: ganglion cells (forms optic nerve)
50
T/F: The eye contains more cones than rods
FALSE Approx. 120 million rods, 6 million cones per eye
51
Rods of eye
-High sensitivity -Can respond to dim light at night -Absorbs all visible wavelengths -Allow someone to see at night
52
Cones of eye
-Abundant in macula lutea -Low sensitivity to light -Provide sharp vision -Allow someone to see during the day
53
3 types of Cones in the Eye
-Blue -Green -Red The brain compares the responses of each type of cone, making color vision in daylight possible
54
Which statement is true regarding Rods and Cones? a) Rod cells can be found in the fovea b) Light stimulus to rod cells stops the release of neutransmitter from the rods c) Cone cells provide peripheral vision d) Cone cells are spread evenly throughout the retina
B Light stimulus to rod cells stops the release of neutransmitter from the rods
55
3 Parts of Rods and Cones Cells
1) Outer segment: Detects Light. Consists of sensitive photopigments 2) Inner segment: contains metabolic organelles 3) Synaptic terminal: Release neurotransmitter depending on dark or light detected by outer segment
56
Difference in Phototransduction (converting light to electrical signals) in the dark vs light
DARK: -Cation channels open -Allows Sodium and Calcium to enter (Depolarization) -Release neurotransmitter LIGHT: -Cation channels close -Sodium and Calcium stop (Hyperpolarization)
57
Causes of Night Blindness
1) Retinitis pigrnentosa: degenerative disease that destroys rods (most common) 2) Deficiency in Vitamin A
58
T/F: Right side of cortex receives information from left visual field
TRUE
59
Imagine you're looking at your computer screen. After the visual image has reached the fovea centralis, describe the nerve path that the image must take through your brain as it travels to the visual cortex
1) Visual field of eyes 2) Optic Nerves (CN2) 3) Optic Chiasm 4) Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5) Optic radiation 6) Primary visual area of cerebral cortex (occipital lobe)
60
What are the effects of injury to the following areas on the visual pathway: -Optic Nerve -Optic chiasma -Optic tract
Optic Nerve: Monocular blindness Optic chiasma: Bitemporal hemianopia Optic tract: Contralateral homonomous hemianopia
61
3 types of olfactory cells
1) Supporting cells- secrete mucus 2) Basal cells - precursor for new olfactory cells 3) Olfactory receptor cells - Detect odors/scents To be smelled, a substance must be volatile (gas state) and water soluble
62
Pathway of Olfaction
1) Olfactory receptor responds to specific odor, passes through the cribriform plate to enter the olfactory bulb 2) Afferent fibers from Olfactory Nerve (CN1) synapse with the mitral cells (2nd order neurons) 3) Mitral cells relay information to: -Limbic system -Thalamus
63
Olfactory Transduction Pathway
1) Binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory protein. Activates G protein, which leads to Cyclic AMP (cAMP) 2) cAMP opens cation channels. Sodium and Calcium enter olfactory receptor cell 3) Depolarization, which generates an action potential along the axon of the olfactory cell
64
Which is true about the sense of smell? a) Taste and smell sensations travel through some of the same brain areas b) Olfactory epithelium is located right at the entrance to the nasal cavity c) An odor is made by a single type of odor molecule d) options a and c e) all of the above
A Taste and smell sensations travel through some of the same brain areas
65
T/F: When light triggers a photoreceptor, neurotransmitters stop being released
TRUE
66
QUIZ: Which of the following statements about the sensation of taste is correct? A) Taste buds are mainly located in the back of the throat (pharynx). B) Taste buds respond to five primary taste sensations. C) Taste buds are a type of pressure receptors. D) Taste sensations are ultimately carried to the general sensory cortex in the occipital lobe.
B 5 primary taste sensations
67
QUIZ: What do we call the muscle responsible for raising the upper eyelid? a. Levator palpebrae superioris b. Superior rectus c. Superior oblique d. Orbicularis oculi
A.
68
QUIZ: Which ocular muscle is supplied by the abducent nerve?
Lateral rectus
69
QUIZ: The outer fibrous layer of the eyeball includes which structures?
Cornea and sclera
70
QUIZ: The fibers of the optic nerve are the axons of which neurons of the retina?
Ganglion cells
71
QUIZ: T/F Chalazion is caused by obstruction and inflammation of tarsal gland of the eyelid.
TRUE
72
QUIZ T/F In strabismus (squinting) the affected eye rotates medially or laterally, due to congenital weakness.
TRUE
73
QUIZ T/F Blocked drainage of the aqueous humor leads to rising pressure within the lens, a disease known as cataract.
FALSE
74
QUIZ T/F When bright light is directed to the eye, the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris contract and increases the size of the pupil.
FALSE It is the sphincter pupillae muscle
75
QUIZ T/F Information from the right side of the visual field of each eye projects to the left side of the brain.
TRUE
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