Class Test POLI 283

Question 1

End of Cold War

Answer 1

-optimism prevailed

Question 2

End of History

Answer 2

• Francis Fukuyama
• Human kinds political social evolution reaches an endpoint at liberal, capitalist system
• Evidence:
• worldwide economic liberalization
• failure of monarchy, fascism, communism
• spread of western idea and cultures
• Most countries still stuck in history

Question 3

Clash of Civilizations

Answer 3

• Sam Huntington
• future conflicts will be cultural
• globalization brings disparate peoples even more in to contact , harder to define boxes, but Huntington ignores this
• West v.s Rest
• Most striking being West v.s Muslim

Question 4

Post Cold War Theoretical Paradigms

Answer 4

• Neorealism: developing state government try to balance great power by uniting for more leverage. (OPEC)
• Liberalism: people share basic values
• Constructivism: people can create less competitive identities over time
• Realism: conflict inevitable

Question 5

New World Order

Answer 5

-1991 George H W Bush (Sr.) envisioned a system wherein states would cooperate against common threats. less confrontation
-End of bipolarity
-U.S unchallenged militarily ; welcomed by some but others not so enthusiastic (China, India, Russia)
-

Question 6

Kagan v.s Kupchan

Answer 6

• Robert Kagan: US not in decline but buying in to the rhetoric is committing preemptive power suicide. Soft power declining, but relative power still good.
• Charles Kupchan: power flowing from West to developing nations. responsibility of US to facilitate peaceful transition while still on top. multi-polarity.

Question 7

Power Transition Theory

Answer 7

-Being a hegemon puts strain on states, allows other states to m mount effective challenges. war more likely to occur because both sides think they can win.

Question 8

War in the Gulf

Answer 8

• Iraq invade Iran, Iran defend offensive, ceasefire. (US backed Iraq)
• Early test case for new Post Cold War World
• 1990 Iraq invades and annexed Kuwait
• Attempt to gain dominant position in Persian Gulf + oil reserves.
• Shocked international community
• UN approved US led coalition, quick W
• Don’t depose Saddam Hussein
• UN inspection(nternational Atomic Energy Agency) for chemical biological nuclear, Sanctions not working, UN keeps getting kicked out.
• Seeds of future conflict planted

Question 9

European Union

Answer 9

• Started out as an economic agreement, became an economic and political union
• Single market for capital, goods, services and labor
• EU Parliament can pass legislation that is binding on all members
• 2002 Euro
• 1993 European Community to the European Union
• Problems: Common currency but divergent fiscal and monetary policies, rules and regulations fail to consider concerns of individual countries, countries are in different economic cycles, central bank follows rich countries at the expense of the poor.

Question 10

U.S Economic Hegemony

Answer 10

• Consistent with Cold war Era
• Steward of an increasingly integrated international economic
• Dominance in global trade and finance
• Size of markets unmatched, now most competitive is China
• U.S unchallenged dominant reserve currency

Question 11

Other Countries Economic Obstacles

Answer 11

• Germany’s reunification, Japan- setbacks to competition
• China and Russia transition from communism, China had an era of rapid growth that has since slowed down. Russia and its oligarch, resources become attached to the private sector.
• Africa: rapid growth not sufficient enough to challenge the U.S
• South East Asian Tigers: grow till 1997, financial crisis stops growth.

Question 12

Failure of Collective Security - Yugoslavia

Answer 12

• Dissolution (fragmentation) of Yugoslavia which was created as a new state post WWI.
• UN intervention in Bosnia in 1995
• NATO intervention in Kosovo 1999. rising nationalism leads to an nonviable state. break up along national lines: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia
• Slovenia: peaceful, Croatia: short nasty war, Bosnia: a mess
• Bosnia had three nations: Serbs, Croates and Bosnian Muslims. results in ethnic cleansing of muslims
• International community unorganized and not successful. “can’t tolerate this in Europe”

Question 13

Failure of Collective Security- Somalia

Answer 13

• Competing warlords use famine as a weapon (1990’s)
• UN humanitarian intervention, U.S led international task force- nation building.
• Disasterous attempt to capture Mogadishu.
• International community fails, unwilling to pay cost of having forces there. U.S small # of casualties, very public.
• Deterioration of U.S/U.N relations

Question 14

Failure of Collective Security- Rwanda

Answer 14

• Assassination of Hutu president Juvenal Habyanmana
• Hutu government incites mobs to slaughter Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
• International community ignoring for weeks. Un Forces are there, Canada’s Romeo Dallaire.
• “too busy with Yugoslavia” (US burned in Somalia)

Question 15

Failure of Collective Security- Sudan

Answer 15

• Darfur: Sudanese government and ethnic militia
• Ethnic cleansing to crush rebel forces (SLA/SLM)
• Actions of African Union and UN fail.
• Won’t allow peacekeepers in to South Sudan
• Russia and China respect sovereignty
• Omar el Bashir tried for Crimes against humanity

Question 16

Limitations of Collective Security

Answer 16

• Free rider problem: expectation of international action but don’t want to be the ones doing the heavy lifting
• National sovereignty, need permission of the state, state must be willing to violate principles of national sovereignty
• Successes: Nambia and Cambodia, Relief efforts for nations hit by tsunami
• Good at reinforcing peace that has already been established.

Question 17

9/11

Answer 17

• Destruction of world trade center and damage to pentagon
• response is a change in the world agenda. Multi national military campaign against the Taliban in Afghanistan
• al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden
• Global War on terror
• criticized for failing to deal with the root causes
• Opposite affect- muslim groups treated like al-Qaeda then ally with them (Indonesia)

Question 18

War in Iraq (2)

Answer 18

• Axis of evil
• Massive intel failure, gross negligence
• U.S ousted Saddam Hussein from power in 203
• Coalition of the Willing, no UN approval so it becomes U.S and its friends
• Hussein executed in 2006
• Insurgency, Iraq disintegrates. U.S loses soft power

Question 19

Great Recession

Answer 19

• Sparked by U.S housing bubble
• Confidence in securities declined
• Overleveraging, essentially betting. Canadian institutions not allowed to do it as much.
• Results in unemployment, evictions, foreclosures, decrease in trade, downturn in stock markets
• Stimulus packages, bank bail outs, housing initiatives attempts at releif

Question 20

EU Debt Crisis

Answer 20

• Recession major factor in EU debt crisis
• Economic and political crisis
• Several states cannot fund public sector debt without EU assistance
• Pressure from ECB and key states to impose austerity measures

Question 21

Germany and Debt Crisis

Answer 21

• Germany #1
• Once downturn happens, southern European countries are in heavy debt and Germany is trying to get its money bank
• EU Bank domination by Germany. All supposed to have same policy but states have opposite interests. German policies making Southern Europe debt worse
• Anti- EU, Anti- Refugee movements

Question 22

Arab Spring

Answer 22

• Upsurge in popular protest-Starts in 2010 in Tunisia, man sets himself on fire. Role of social media
• Mixed results: regime changes in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and Yemen
• Concession in Algeria, Oman, Morocco, Jordan
• Repression in Bahrain, Oman
• Spark for civil war in Syria (spilling over into Iraq)

Question 23

Levels of Analysis Arab Spring

Answer 23

• Systemic: emerging multipolar system, hegemonic decline
• Domestic: internal economic conditions, repressive societies and social movements
• Individual: Bouzizi revolutionary leader, Qaddafi and al-Assad repressive leaders

Question 24

Human Security

Answer 24

• UN freedom from fear, freedom from want
• food, water, medicine
• major part of contemporary understandings and debates
• freedom from fear freedom
• important in moving the referent object (what is being secured) of security away from the state.
• different levels and types clash: soldier being deployed to war as part of a state’s military. individual v.s state security. : over fishing that feeds a hungry person but risks environmental threat of a species extinction. individual v.s global security

Question 25

Why Are So Many Things Classified as Security Issues

Answer 25

-Security justifies extraordinary politics in a way that other things don't

Question 26

Traditional Security

Answer 26

- Military | - National Security

Question 27

Requirements for Security

Answer 27

- Realists: anarchic system providing for one's security is most important responsibility. zero sum. security dilemma - Constructivists: room for misperception and distrust. security itself is a construct. action reaction cycle is avoidable - Liberal: confidence building measures to increase scope for peace

Question 28

Security Dilemma

Answer 28

-States seeking to enhance their own security likely to take actions that are perceived by other states as threatening their security

Question 29

Neorealism Debate

Answer 29

- Defensive realism: maximize power to ensure own security | - Offensive realism: maximize power to achieve dominance. traditional security

Question 30

Power

Answer 30

- Really matters from realistic perspective - Balance between different elements of power is problematic - Relative: how much stuff, static - Absolute: individual countries, dynamic

Question 31

Elements of Power

Answer 31

- Economic - Soft - Military - Political Will

Question 32

Economic Power

Answer 32

- Compel v.s Deter - Compelling is harder to achieve, reactive. - Sanctions- need widespread buy in - Coercive economics: threat to withhold eocnomic goods or engagements. works against free trade a nd liberalism. hard to target, hurts many - Increase relation, restrict access to natural resources - Alternative to military power before armed conflict begins

Question 33

Soft Power

Answer 33

- Use of influence to change the behavior of others. trying to persuade them that you are right - Partly a result of non-military sources of power and partly a result of skill at cultivating and using factors such as prestige or reputation

Question 34

Smart Power

Answer 34

- U.S concept | - Military might complemented by diplomatic and economic efforts

Question 35

- Military Power | - Benefits

Answer 35

- Defensive, Offensive, Deterrence - Nuclear weapons most importance means for deterrence - Defense expenditures calculated in terms of dollars (led by states with large economies) or in proportion of GDP. - High Defense spending reinforces poverty, money not spent on other public goods, challenges of civil military relations, exacerbates security dilemma - Benefits: jobs, training and skills, markets for industrial activity, national development, national cohesion - Military must be kept occupied

Question 36

- MAD - Wag the Dog - Rally 'Round the Flag

Answer 36

- Mutually Assured Destruction fails if 1) leader believes attack outweighs survival 2) doesn't think there will be retaliation 3) if you destroy ballistic missile defense systems - Second strike capabilities due to intercontinental ballistic missile systems - Wag the Dog: gvt use of external threat to distract from domestic issues - Rally 'Round the Flag: staunch nationalism or pro government when there is a threat or foreign crisis

Question 37

Political Will

Answer 37

- Intangible aspects - Serves as the social context for the effectiveness of other types of power - Willingness to fight and bear costs - Plays a role in defense of deterrence aspects, willingness to resist even if military is outclassed. - Asymmetry of political will may be more significant that military asymmetry (ex. Vietnam) - Carl von Clausewitz: resolve must be destroyed as much as political power. - Morale Bombing, Osama bin Laden's reason for 9/11 - Sapping political will can backfire and result in rallying around the flag

Question 38

Interstate War

Answer 38

1) Gain/Protect territory/resources 2) Spread/Reject ideology/religion (IDEA) - War less common than peace in spite of the prominence of the former - When it happens war does result in major in major changes socially, politically, economically, geographically, relative power and influence in the world - Can also establish the basis for future interstate interactions, both violent and peaceful

Question 39

Causes of Interstate War

Answer 39

- Territory, Resources, Ideas - Pinker argues interstate war is declining because it doesn't pay, has uncertain outcomes, high costs, and difficult to acquire benefits, decreasing acceptability of war as legit option. Criticisms ( cost-benefit too rational)

Question 40

Levels and Theoretical Paradigm Causes of Interstate War

Answer 40

- Neorealists: imbalance of power in the system - Classical Realists: function of power/security seeking behavior - Liberals: failure of norms and institutions - Marxists: rising up of the workers - Domestic: need to prove leaderships, distract from scandal - Individual: leaders with predilection for war. ideological agenda

Question 41

Stephen Van Evera

Answer 41

-Nations believe they're more insecure than they actually are and perceive likelihood of success in war to be higher. deadly miscalculations.

Question 42

Intrastate War

Answer 42

- Similar motivations resources territory ideas - Greed of grievance- literature - Imperative differences include territorial involvement of only 1 state, spillovers are common through refugees and foreign bases - Lower tech, messier type of fighting, rules of war are not so specifically applied - Outside states do sometimes intervene if own security is jeopardized, if own interests of groups are suffering, human suffering too great to tolerate, if mandated by organization such as the UN But there is pressure for the rules of war to encompass intrastate war. - All discretionary though, may mean if external states do intervene they do so with limited political will and commitment. On on ad hoc basis.

Question 43

Outside Actors Can't Intervene Unless:

Answer 43

1) if government requests it 2) conflict has concluded both parties request assistance maintaining peace 3) failed state 4) government mistreatment of peoples to aggregious not considered a real government (R2P) responsibility to protect. duty to prevent genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes -Mostly outsource intervention, fund local interventionist efforts

Question 44

Security Conclusion

Answer 44

- Absolute security impossible to achieve