Freud’s Psychodynamic theory of personality
Iceberg- your subconscious in the preconscious and unconscious mind, where your consciousness is the conscious mind
id, ego, and superego
id = basic level of wants and needs (bottom of iceberg), what you want right now, and how do you get it
Superego= break on the id. rules and norms come into play. conscious of the things you shoudl and shouldent do
ego = mediator of the two
Carl Rogers and humanistic approaches to personality
centeres on personal understanding of the self and how others see you
Internal vs external locus of control
An internal locus of control is the belief that you are primarily in charge of your own destiny and outcomes. An external locus of control is the belief that outside forces like luck, fate, or powerful others determine your life events
Eysenck’s trait theory (three dimensions)
Hans Eysenck’s trait theory proposes personality is built on three core dimensions, called “superfactors”: Extraversion (outgoing vs. introverted), Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), and Psychoticism (impulsive/aggressive vs. empathetic/self-controlled)
Five-Factor Trait Theory
OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
Differences between Objective and Projective personality measures
Objective tests: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Projective: Rorschach, thematic apperception test
Differences between nomothetic and idiographic approaches to measuring personality
Nomothetic Approach = scientific approach that studies behavior looking for general principles that apply to groups of people
Idiographic = a scientific approach that seeks to understand how things are unique of different
strengths and concerns regarding projective testing
projective testing-> look at a picture tell the a story
there could be different interpertations hese tests often lack both reliability and validity, scoring is very subjective
Definition of psychological disorders
distress and/or dysfunctional pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that interfere with a persons ability to function
Hallmark symptoms of anxiety disorders
emotional (exxesive fear or worry ), behavioral (avoidance), and cognitive (catastrophizing), functional imparement
definition of comorbidity
the occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
The main difference between generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorder, specific phobia, and social phobia. social anxiety, PTSD, and OCD
Social Anxiety = fear of social evaluation
PTSD = big T trauma (death, dying, sexual assault)
OCD = the thoughts are the obsessions, and the compulsions are the behaviors
Differences between obsessions and compulsions
Obsessions are your thoughts the compulsions are your behaviors
differences between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorders
Bipolar 1 = manic episode, more talkative, racing thoughts, “i will go walk to Ohio”
Bipolar 2 = Hypomania, not as extreme, move at a faster pace, more in a goal-driven way
both have depressive episodes
The difference between depressive and bipolar disorder
bipolar you are feeling both sides of the spectrum, both depression and non- depressive episodes whereas with just depression, you are just in the depressive side
demographic trends in prevalence of depression across the lifespan
(sex, age)
Models of Depression: Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression, Learned Helplessness
Becks Theory: you ahve related negative thoughts about yourself, the world and the future
Learned helplessness = you stop trying over time
Diathesis X Stress Models
common diatheses = negative automatic thoughts, self-schemas, and core beliefs (lack of positive reinforcements)
prexisting condition, interacts with stress to develop depressive episodes
Three phases of the opioid epidemic
Wave 1= early 2000- pushing the use of the product, selling more opioid pain relievers
Wave 2= it became obvious that it was a problem, so over-prescribing led to inappropriate prescriptions of misuse, and people switched to heroin
Wave 3 = surge in illicitly manufactured synthetic opioids specifically fetanyl
