Clinical

Question 1

who devised grounded theory?

Answer 1

Glaser and Strauss 1960

Question 2

aim of grounded theory

Answer 2

research conducted to gather info about something of interest and theory emerges from data
(don’t start with a hypothesis)

Question 3

Grounded theory - Nathaniel 2007

Answer 3

1. gathered info from nurses
2. codes and categories drawn out
3. things coded in same way until patterns are seen
4. more patterns discovered and codes more specific
5. researchers memo their work, developing ideas which helps identify links
6. one theoretical concept has emerged, researches will conduct more research

Question 4

pros and cons of grounded theory

Answer 4

• good validity as it measures what the researchers sought to measure
• bias as research is subjective when they look at patterns as they are trying to find hypothesis
• lacks reliability as you can’t guarantee 2 researchers will gather the same info and hypothesis
• time consuming

Question 5

clinical practical (content analysis)

Answer 5

A: see whether attitudes towards schizos has changed overtime using 2 newspapers 1995 and 2018

H: 2018 article will have significantly more positive refrences and fewer negative to schizophrenia compared to 1995

1995: london news group ‘schizo stern and wild’
2018: the guardian ‘bravely heroic’

method: tallies produced using pre-agreed coding units results compared and differences discussed

results: 1995 = 25 - 2018 = 10-
2+ 23+

Question 6

practical evaluation

Answer 6

• inter-rater reliability
• subjective
• ecological validity
• task validity
• validity as both articles related to schizo

Question 7

practical evaluation - methodology

Answer 7

• deep analysis of changing attitudes
• ensured 2 articles had similar content
• tallying + and - refrences too broad
• subjective

Question 8

valentine et al

Answer 8

interviews
2010
A: see usefulness of psycho-educational material provided from offender patients at psychiatric hospital
P: 42 males given semi-structured interview where they discussed symptoms and illness
R: group interviews helped them improve

Question 9

7 research methods

Answer 9

primary data
secondary data
cross sectional
longitudinal
meta-analysis
case studies
cross cultural

Question 10

primary data

Answer 10

• directly by researcher
• up to date info
• high reliability
• time consuming

Question 11

secondary data

Answer 11

• evidence by other researchers
• quicker
• unaware of validity and reliability

Question 12

cross sectional data

Answer 12

• ppts diff age same time
• less time consuming
• individual differences
• cohort effect

Question 13

cohort effect

Answer 13

research result is impacted by the characteristics of the cohorts

Question 14

longitudinal data

Answer 14

• measured over specific time period at certain intervals
• time consuming
• attrition rates

Question 15

meta-analysis

Answer 15

• statistical data from multiple studies
• identify common effect
• improves estimates
• only selection of studies (bias)

Question 16

case studies

Answer 16

• descriptive research fro analysis of group or person
• good/specific/detailes
• not generalisable
• does not conduct empirical research

Question 17

cross cultural

Answer 17

• study of behaviour and mental processes under different cultural conditions
• establish behaviour patterns
• highlights bio cause of AN
• subjectivity so lacks validity

Question 18

HCPC guidlines for clinical practitioners

Answer 18

1. character = registrants to provide credible character refrences
2. health = register about general health and provide info on the issue that may affect ability to practise safely
3. standards of proficiency = specific expectation e.g. safe practice, confidentiality, discrimination
4. standards of ethics = 10 ethical guidelines e.g. confidentiality and competence
5. standards for education and training = at least masters degree with BPS qualification
6. standards for prescribing = knowledge to be able to prescribe appropriately and safely
7. standards for continuing professional development = e.g. take part in regular training to develop own practice
   A02 = paramedic struck off HCPC for sex during 999 call

Question 19

schizophrenia contemporary study intro and aim

Answer 19

carlsson et al 2000
network implications in schizophrenia - therapeutic implication
- a review, where he summarises all the research on schizophrenia and makes suggestion
- focus to explain cause and thus treatments in terms of neurotransmitter levels
A: review evidence + and - dopamine hypothesis including glutamate, serotonin and GABA. and explore new anti-psychotics for people who are treatment resistance or experience extreme side-effects

Question 20

hyperdopaminergia

Answer 20

high levels of neurotransmitter dopamine in brain

- linked with + symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 21

hypodopaminergia

Answer 21

low levels of dopamine in the brain

- linked with - symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 22

hypoglutamatergia

Answer 22

low levels of glutamate in areas of the brain

Question 23

GABA

Answer 23

neurotransmitter which inhibits activity of neurones in areas of brain

Question 24

Agonist

Answer 24

drug that has the same affect as a naturally produced neurotransmitter. By increasing dopamine levels

Question 25

Antagonist

Answer 25

drug that prevents the effects of a naturally produced neurotransmitter

Question 26

procedure and 2 main findings of schizophrenia contemporary study

Answer 26

non but studies used PET scans 1. relationship between schizophrenia and dopaminergic dysfunction 2. rival theory where there is glutamatergic deficiency or hypoglutamatergic

Question 27

3 results and conclusion for schizophrenia contemporary study

Answer 27

1. dopamine hypothesis - schiz patients show more dopamine activity than control but Larvelle (99)schiz patients in remission only had normal dopamine activity 2. role of glutamate - PCP and KET produce psychotic symptoms - stimulate glutamate receptors called NDMA so G falls and D rises 3. dopamine and glutamate interaction - hypoglutamatergia links with both + and - symptoms of schizo making it superior explanation for dopamine hypothesis - glutamate regulates behaviour of dopamine C: C suggests there are different 'subpopulations' and types of schizophrenia groups, ID are key and we cannot take a 'one size fits all' approach

Question 28

schizophrenia contemporary study evaluation

Answer 28

- great credibility as his studies are strong and representative of his time - 2000 so results time locked and more NT have been identified - good application to developing new drug treatments. people 'treatment resistant' can now be treated - PET scans are credible as objective data and good reliability and validity - many conclusion based off animal models which lacks generalisability