skills

Question 1

characteristics of skill

Answer 1

aesthetically pleasing
consistent
efficient
fluent
accurate
controlled
economical

Question 2

skill continua

Answer 2

• open - closed = unpredictable/predictable environment
• gross - fine = large / smaller muscle groups
• self - externally = controls start and speed of skill
• discrete - continuous - serial
• high - low organised = broken down into parts e.g. swimming stroke and volley in football
• simple - complex = requires few decision e.g. forwards roll and hockey dribble

Question 3

skill

Answer 3

the learned ability to bring about predetermined results within the minimum outlay of time, energy or both

Question 4

discrete
serial
continuous
with examples

Answer 4

discrete: clear beginning and end e.g. tennis serve
serial: contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement e.g. gymnastic routine
continuous: no clear beginning and end e.g. cycling

Question 5

transfer define

Answer 5

the effect of the learning and perfjoamcne of one skill on the learning and performance of another

Question 6

define the types of transfer

Answer 6

positive: learning of one skill aids the learning of another
negative: when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
zero: when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
bilateral: when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb

Question 7

examples with the type of transfer

Answer 7

positive: basketball pass and netball pass
negative: tennis uses arm and badminton uses wrist
zero: rock climbing and swimming
bilateral: right foot to left foot in football

Question 8

how can positive transfer be encouraged

Answer 8

• making sure training is realistic e.g. use of cones or rugby tackle bags replaced by real people
• make sure that one skill is learned well before moving on to a more advanced skill so players experience progression
• rewards and reinforcement

Question 9

what are the methods of practice

Answer 9

whole practice
whole part whole practice
progressive part practice

Question 10

types of practice

Answer 10

massed practice
distributed practice
varied practice
mental practice

Question 11

whole practice

Answer 11

= practicing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub-routines

Question 12

when to use whole practice

Answer 12

• fast
• discrete
• highly organised
• simple
• closed
• self-paced
• simple
• autonomous stage as able to cope with demands
• sub-routines maintained or skill needs to be performed in a specific order

Question 13

advantages of whole practice

Answer 13

• feel of whole skill
• keeps links between sub-routines
• creates specific images that can be stored in LTM and contains a mental image of all parts of the skill so it can easily be recalled
• develops kinaesthesis or understanding

Question 14

disadvantages of whole practice

Answer 14

• too much information
• beyond capabilities of performer
• not fo beginners

Question 15

whole part whole practice

Answer 15

= assessing the skill, identifying weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together

Question 16

when to use whole part whole practice

Answer 16

• complex
• fast
• difficult to isolate parts of skill yet performer has specific weakness

Question 17

advantages of whole part whole practice

Answer 17

• motivation when success is achieved and weakness is corrected
• provides immediate feedback so you can correct errors
• fluency and integration of sub routines maintained whilst errors are corrected

Question 18

disadvantages of whole part whole practice

Answer 18

• time consuming

- some skills cannot be broken down

Question 19

progressive part practice

Answer 19

= practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually AKA chaining

Question 20

chaining

Answer 20

linking parts of a task together in order when practising

Question 21

when to use progressive part practice

Answer 21

• complex
• serial
• externally paced
• low organised
• dangerous skills e.g. trampoline routine

Question 22

advantages of progressive part practice

Answer 22

• keeps links between parts
• reduces danger
• reduces fatigue
• reduces demands
• focus on weakness
• stages of success gives motivation

Question 23

disadvantages of progressive part practice

Answer 23

time consuming if first part is incorrect

Question 24

examples of whole, whole part whole and progressive part practice

Answer 24

whole = tennis serve
whole part whole = golf swing when performer has poor grip
progressive part = dance routine

Question 25

massed practice

Answer 25

= continuous with no rest intervals

Question 26

when is massed practice used

Answer 26

- discrete - simple - closed - highly organised - self-paced

Question 27

advantages of massed practice

Answer 27

- forms motor programme - increases fitness - enhances over learning - good for habitual responses - efficient

Question 28

diadvantages of massed practice

Answer 28

- no time for feedback - fatigue - too demanding

Question 29

distributed practice

Answer 29

= involves rest intervals between sessions

Question 30

when is distributed practice used

Answer 30

- continuous - complex - low organised - serial - externally paced

Question 31

advantages of distributed practice

Answer 31

- allows recovery - less mental pressure - allows feedback - reduces danger

Question 32

disadvantages of distributed practice

Answer 32

- time consuming | - negative transfer which could happen after the rest intervals

Question 33

varied practice

Answer 33

= changing the practice type and the practice drills

Question 34

when is varied practice used

Answer 34

- complex - open - externally paced

Question 35

advantages of varied practice

Answer 35

- builds schema - gives motivation - allows adaptation

Question 36

disadvantages of varied practice

Answer 36

- time consuming - negative transfer - fatigue - too demanding

Question 37

mental practice

Answer 37

= go over it in the mind without movement

Question 38

when is mental practice used

Answer 38

- serial complex | - novice and expert

Question 39

advantages of mental practice

Answer 39

- improves reaction time - builds motor programme - builds confidence - controls anxiety

Question 40

disadvantages of mental practice

Answer 40

- must be correct | - environment must be calm

Question 41

examples of the types of practice

Answer 41

massed practice = basketball practicing free throw distributed practice = practicing stroke techniqe varied practice = players practicing a football pass mental practice = going over trampoline routine