Social Flashcards

Question

gender difference in obedience | and a conclusion

Answer 1

- milgram found no difference yet higher anxiety levels for those who were obedient - women more obedient than men Sheridan and king - 1972 electric shocks to puppy females = 100% males = 54% - men more obedient than women Kilham and mann 1974 - replicated milgrams study females = 16% males = 40%

Answer 2

- Blass 1999 found 8/9 milgram styled studies there was no significant difference C= milligrams study was androcentric and Gilligan said M+F just see the world differently. Vital to combat androcentrism and not overlook similarities in M+F

Answer 3

individualistic - e.g. USA more independent and resist conformity - collectivistic - e.g. China behave as a collective group so compliance is vital for stability

Answer 4

- weakness is that most nations have similarly high obedience levels (Blass) - avg obedience levels for 8 non-US milgram replications shows 66% compared to 61% of US replication - perhaps obedience is a universal social behaviour and culture doesn't affect it much C= Blass' analysis does suggest universality but collectivist cultures may be under-represented and procedural differences make comparison difficult

Answer 5

- SE from from milligram's study as ppts showed overt signs of moral strain and many reported their behaviour was experimenters responsibility - Hofling et al 1966- stooge doctor phoned nurse to administer 2X dose - 21/22 complied. nurses displaced responsibility and justified it to be a result of hierarchy - does not explain individual differences - why some people don't obey - theory cannot be directly measured I+D = social impact theory is a better explanation as it explains why people disobey C- this theory is oversimplified and overstated - agent state is not inevitable so it would be more beneficial to look at factors that lead to people to resist destructive obedience

Answer 6

- theory oversimplifies the nature of human interaction and individuals differences are some people are more resistant - does not take into account how to sources and target interact with one another - useful as it can predict behaviour under certain conditions but doesn't say why people are influenced by others - SE from Milgram I+D = reductionistic as it reduces complexity of human thoughts and feelings to predict outcomes

Answer 7

as distance increases obedience reduces | - Milgram variation removing physical buffers the wall led to obedience falling by 22.5%

Answer 8

status of authority and location

Answer 9

ppts committed to small requests

Answer 10

- SE from milgram however there were individuals differences to why people refused to obey which is personality - applied to rule breaking signs provide immediacy and strength

Answer 11

- responsible for own actions less influenced by others (dissent)

Answer 12

behave beyond their control, fate (more obedient)

Answer 13

- harsh to people subordinate to themselves but submissive to authority obedience = high f-scale score = authoritarian personality Adorno believed that harsh parenting developed authoritarianism

Answer 14

questionnaire to detect authoritarian personality

Answer 15

- weakness as experiment Schurz found ppts obedient in giving painful doses of ultra sound had same locus of control than disobedient - applied to jobs as LOC test can be part of recruitment

Answer 16

- SE form milgram as tested 20 obedient ppts and 20 not where obedient had increased F-scale score. - Cannot claim relationship between childhood and obedience as there are other factor such as education

Answer 17

1. Cognitive - belief/ stereotype about a group 2. Affective - negative feelings towards group 3. Behavioural - behaving differently

Answer 18

- social behaviour is driven by motivation to maintain a positive sense of self as a valued member of a group

Answer 19

- social categorisation - people categorised as a member - social identification -adopt identity and internalise norms - social comparison - compare to maintain self esteem

Answer 20

we have membership

Answer 21

rival group

Answer 22

members see individuals in group as unique

Answer 23

members of out-group are all the same

Answer 24

own unique qualities, personality and self-esteem

Answer 25

attributes of group to which we belong

Answer 26

- SE from Tajfel (1979) as more points were awarded to in-group than out-group members and shows that social categorisation is sufficient to trigger in-group favouritism and discrimination against out-group. - however, this study lacks mundane realism and IRL we may be less discriminatory due to unpleasant social consequences - SE from Jane elliot who divided class into blue/brown eyes and group who was told they were better performed better academically

Answer 27

competition causes conflict - scarce resources - leads to negative stereotyping and discrimination - depends on how long conflict lasts - 1 group may see the other as inferior - superordinate goal

Answer 28

goal that can only be achieved by working together

Answer 29

- SE from sherif 1954 as showed that competition does lead to intergroup hostility and prejudce - but he reported that the boys were being hostile before competitive events so presence of other group was enough for prejudice to occur - applied to reduce prejudice with superordinate goal

Answer 30

1963 H: germans are different A: how obedient ppts are when ordered to give shocks S: 40 men, 20-50, yale uni, newspaper ad P: $4 per hour 'study memory' (new haven) ppt= teacher confederate=learner/ experimenter - chosen by fake coin toss - learner strapped in chair and teacher sampled 45v shock - ppts instructed to give increasing shocks for wrong answer - at 270v = screaming prods = 'please continue' 'you have no other choice' R: estimate >3% go to 450v 65% gave max shock 100% went to 300V *ppts examined by psychiatrists 1 year after

Answer 31

- authoritative figure - lab coat - prods - location - gradual commitment - ppts couldn't see effect

Answer 32

institutional context of yale could increase obedience with prestige setting A: see if location was a factor of obedience P: rundown office block, sparsely furnished, ppts recruited by mail, conducted by research associates of bridgeport, in bridgeport connecticut R: 48% gave max shock C: the less reputable context reduced legitimacy of study

Answer 33

experimenters intimidating presence had a factor on obedience levels A: see if proximity of experimenter impacted obedience P: 3 experiments 1. experimenter few feet away 2. experimenter changed from hard to unaggressive 3. instructions over telephone R: 22.5% gave max shock C: closer the proximity of experimenter the more obedient you become

Answer 34

A: to see if altering power and position of experimenter changed levels of obedience P: 3 people arrived at the lab, 2 confederates - teacher told to strap learner into chair but not what level of shock to give - learner said good way to conduct study would be to increase shock levels R: 20% gave max shock C: lower authoritative role the less obedient the person becomes

Answer 35

1979 A: see the cause of intergroup discrimination S: 64 Bristol schoolboys aged 14+15 P: divided into groups after showing them dots on a screen and telling boys they had over/under estimated (random) - told tested visual judgement - they were told to assign points from matrices - each matrix offered different allocation of points to a pair of anonymous boys * 10points = 1 pence* *didn't know who they were giving points to * R: 2 outgroup/ 2 in-group = fairness 1 outgroup and 1 in-group = in-group favouritism - shortchanged in group to do better than outgroup C: outgroup discrimination is easily triggered just perceiving has enough to do it

Answer 36

Sherif et al 1954 - robbers cave experiment A: see whether intro to comp will increase hostility and see whether superordinate goal will decrease hostility S: 22 boys 11 years old middle class, protestant, Oklahoma, none knew each other prior P: boys matched on athletic and educational ability - 2 groups arrived on different days to different location - data collected over 3 weeks - parents paid $25 to not visit Stage 1: in group formation - non competitive activities to bond in group (rattlers or eagles) - canoeing, tent pitching, building campfires Stage 2: friction - tournament against out group with prizes and medals - tug of war, baseball, tent pitching - extra points for treasure hunt - researchers trashed rattlers campsite Stage 3: reduce friction - increasing social contact by eating and watching movie together - had to collectively raise money to watch the film - superordinate goal introduced; fixing water tank that provided water to both groups R: 1. boys formed own group norms chose name and made flag that formed group identity 2. hostility then after tournament, boys fought, name called and eagles burned rattlers flag 3. when asked who they friend were 93% chose in group - after movie and bus boys reassess friends and increase number of friendships that were now outgroup

Answer 37

- high ecological/ task validity - no protection of ppts as they were fighting - researchers sabotage lacks internal validity - not generalisabel to girls, other classes - observation = subjectivity C= - findings important in predicting when prejudice may be present - however, limitations; sample and duration - good application to reducing prejudice

Answer 38

1. 2 step screening process 2. ppts told 3 times (2x in writing) R2W 3. sample shock administered with informed consent 4. study to not go on longer than 150v 5. ppts informed quickly that learner received no shocks 6. experimenter instructed to end study if signs of excessive stress

Answer 39

``` burger 2009 H: would people still obey? A: to see if there are gender differences in obedience S: 29men 41 women aged 20-81 $50, 45 min - recruited from adverts (flyers) - lab exp -6 ethical safeguards ``` P: baseline condition - santa clara uni - ppts randomly assigned to 2 groups - experimenter gave ppt and confederate $50 and R2W - study effects of learning - both signed informed consent form - confed warned ppts of heart condition - Exp (script) ''while shocks may be painful they aren't dangerous'' - ppts given sample shock, 2 declined - word pairs same as milgram - after 75V = small grunt increasing volume - after 150V '' get me out of here'' ended R: 70% continued after 150V M= 66.7% F=72.7%

Answer 40

P: modal refusal condition - 2 confeds used (2nd same gender as ppt) - rigged draw so ppt always teacher 2 confer teacher 1 - teachers told to sit next to each other - teacher 1 begin procedure - 75V ''ugh'' - 90V ''ugh'' confed: ''idk about this'' Exp: pls continue - confederate quit and asked real ppt to continue R: 63.3% continued after 150V M: 54.5% F= 68.4%

Answer 41

- strength is that no ppt had prior knowledge of milligrams study so good internal validity as they were asked if they had taken psychology classes - no application as ppts were stopped so situation loses its potency - generalisable to all gender and ages - lab exp low ecological validity - ethics C: similar to milligrams study showing that 45 years later obedience levels remain high

Answer 42

personality | culture

Answer 43

authoritarianism persoanlity - harsh parenting creates this - highly prone to display prejudice - parents expect absolute loyalty and extremely high standards of achievement - children feel hostile towards parents conditional love so they displace anger towards something else

Answer 44

SE = Chors et al (2012) found right wing authoritarianism correlated with prejudice when questioning German nationals which shows that trait affects prejudice

Answer 45

if a culture has existing social norms, law and events which endorse prejudice. It is difficult to establish whether one culture is more prejudice than another Katz and braly 1933 - conducted questionnaire at princeton uni A: investigate national stereotypes of Americans about other cultures P: ppts given list of ethnic groups and had to pick 5 traits that they thought represented e.g. lazy, ignorant R: african americas as superstitious and ignorant jews as shrewd

Answer 46

why does football hooliganism occur in football? Issue: in contemporary society as violence impacts local public services, police, legal system and NHS - also threatens economy as damage to buildings homes and vehicles need to be compensated for Agency realistic conflict social identity C: these theories can be used to reduce it RCT = superordinate goal SE sherif SIT = pubs ban team colours SIMT= increase police and security

Answer 47

A: investigate gender differences in obedience H: females will score higher on obedience questionnaire than males suggesting females will perceive themselves as more obedient S: 38 ppts aged 16-18, 19m NHHS opportunity sample P: 19 researchers design questionnaire 10 Qs have you ever broken the law, informed consent and R2W R: mean scores F=19 M=16.2

Answer 48

A: see if there are gender differences in obedience S: 29m 41f aged 20-81, $50 for 45mins, recruited from adverts (flyers) 6 ethical safeguards 1. sample shock with informed consent 2. R2W 3X twice in writing 3. 2 step screening process 4. study not to go past 150V 5. quickly debriefed 6. Burger could pull them out following any signs of excessive stress

Answer 49

- santa clara uni - exp gave ppt and confederate $50 and R2W - both signed informed consent - confederate warned ppts of heart condition - exp '' while shocks may be painful they aren't dangerous'' - ppts given sample shock (2 declined) - word pairs same as milgram - 75V = small grunt - 150V '' get me out of here'' Results: 70% continued after 150V

Answer 50

- 2 confederates used - 2nd same gender as ppts - rigged draw so ppt always teacher 2 confed= teacher 1 -teacher told to sit next to each other - teacher 1 began procedure - 75V ''ugh'' - 90V ''ugh'' confederate ''IDK about this'' exp '' pls continue'' - confederate quit and asked real ppt to continue R: 63.6% continued after 150V

Social Flashcards

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