Cloning

Question 1

Clones

Answer 1

Genetically identical organisms

Question 2

Cloning an adult mammal by transplanting a cell nucleus

Answer 2

1. A body cell is taken from the mammal to be cloned
2. Remove the nucleus from the body cell to form an enucleated cell. Keep the nucleus
3. Take an egg cell from a different mammal and enucleate it.
4. Insert the nucleus of the body cell into the enucleated egg cell
5. Through electric shock stimulation, mitosis occurs to form an embryo.
6. The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate
7. The embryo develops into a genetically identical mammal to the first mammal

Question 3

Enucleated cell

Answer 3

Cell without a nucleus

Question 4

Advantages of Cloning

Answer 4

All offspring are identical + have desirable traits

Fast to cheaply reproduce

Not seasonal

Question 5

Disadvantages of Cloning

Answer 5

Reduces genetic variation

Unethical

High tech equipment needed

Question 6

Cloning plants by micropropagation (tissue culture)

Answer 6

1. Plant with desired characteristic is selected to be cloned
2. Explants (small pieces) are taken from its stem tips + side shoots
3. Explants are sterilised to kill microbes
4. The explants are grown in vitro. The nutrient medium provides nutrients for plant to grow
5. Cells in explants divide by mitosis and grow into small plants -> these are planted in soil