cognition/memory tutorials

Question 1

period of childhood amnesia from

Answer 1

4-10

Question 2

period of reminiscence bump, definition

Answer 2

10-30, increased proportion of autobiographical memories from youth and early adulthood observed in adults over 40

Question 3

period of recendy

Answer 3

35-50

Question 4

list 4 accounts of reminiscence bump

Answer 4

• identity formation conway + Holmes
• cognitive account robinson
• cognitive abilities account Janssen
• Life script account Bernsten

Question 5

identity formation conway + holmes

Answer 5

big events form part of your identity, they shape you and you remember them

Question 6

cognitive account robinson

Answer 6

you spend more cognitive resources encoding events you’re experiencing for the first time so you remember them

Question 7

cognitive abilities account janssen

Answer 7

encoding peaks at these ages cos brain is working at its best

Question 8

life script account bernstein

Answer 8

societal expectations shape what’s remembered –> you put your own life in the script where cultures have certain expectations at certain times

Question 9

age reminiscence depends on how the memory is _____

Answer 9

cued

Question 10

word cues are better for remembering memories that happened…

Answer 10

recently

Question 11

olfactory cuyes are better for memories occurring when

Answer 11

childhood, recent

Question 12

important memories show a strong bump when

Answer 12

10-30yrs

Question 13

differentiate episodic and semantic memory

Answer 13

episodic: things that happen to you with order, context

semantic: meaning, general knowledge and facts separate from context

Question 14

what do we mean when we say memories need to be consolidated

Answer 14

have to practice memories to put them itno long term

Question 15

what damage HM have to his brain, and what famous memory issue did he have? what did people conclude from this about the hippo campus

Answer 15

removal of whole hippocampus

anterograde amnesia, couldn’t make new long-term memories and also lost 3 yrs of memory

hippocampus important for consolidating memory

Question 16

SSCT - standard systems consolidation theory, where are memories stored initially and where are they then moved?

Answer 16

hippocampus, neocortex

Question 17

SSCT - forgetting occurs if ____

Answer 17

consolidation journey is disrupted

Question 18

SSCT: memories for events or episodes are ____ dependent on the hippocampus and will be ____ unless they go through a ____ process in which they gradually become fully represented in the ____ such that they are no longer dependent on the ____

Answer 18

temporarily
forgotten
consolidation
neocortex
hippocampus

Question 19

hippocampus-dependent system: temporary storage

when we form a new memory, it’s stored in the ____, which is essential for ___ encoding and retrieval of new info

Answer 19

hippocampus, rapid

Question 20

SSCT: neocortex-dependent system: permanent storage

with repeated retrieval + rehearsal, some memories become ____ and become independent from the ____, involving the strengthening of ____ in the _____

Answer 20

consolidated
hippocampus
synaptic connections
neocortex

Question 21

CB - contextual binding. ___ is always necassary for recollection + familiarity, while ____ contains ____ knowledge. What is is forgetting caused by?

Answer 21

hippocampus

neocortex, semantic

interference from events before or after the study event

Question 22

in CB, episodic memory includes what occurs both and after study item is presented. T/F?

context _____ acrtoss times

Answer 22

• T
  extends

Question 23

explain retroactive interference according to
* SSTC
* CB

Answer 23

items presented after the study items lead to worse memory…
* SSCT: retroactive interference interrupts CONSOLIDATION, lowering memory
* CB: later items might BLEND CONTEXT, lowering memory

Question 24

explain proactive interference according to
* SSTC
* CB

Answer 24

items presented before the study lead to worse memory
* CB the only that predicts, through context interfering

Question 25

explain graded retroactive interference according to * SSTC * CB`

Answer 25

forgetting is greatest when interfering information is presented shortly after encoding * SSTC: disrupts consolidation of the item * CV: closer in time = closer to context, more context blending

Question 26

explain graded retroactive amnesia according to * SSTC + curve/fade you'd expect * CB

Answer 26

memories from just before hippocampal damage are lost, while more remote memories are retained * SSTC: not really but you'd expect the closer the memory is to the time of injury, the more likely it's lost cos they're more dependend on the hippocampus * CB explains: hippocampus always necessary, no gradient

Question 27

would SSCT predict the same kinds of hippocampal activation for recent and long-ago encoded events?

Answer 27

no, more for recent

Question 28

would CB predict the same kinds of hippocampal activation for recent and long-ago encoded events?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

if I make you search for something with two combined features, the effect of adding distractors will be more/same/less impactful than when searching for just one feature

Answer 29

more

Question 30

a flattish slope as we add more distractors indicates what kind of search is happening

Answer 30

parallel

Question 31

a steep slope as we add more distractors indicates what kind of search is happening

Answer 31

serial

Question 32

how does change blindness show our limited processing capacity?

Answer 32

we can only attend to a few regions at a time, and without focused attention even large changes go unnoticed

Question 33

what are the 3 kinds of attentional selection

Answer 33

* location selection * feature selection eg colour * object selection/tracking

Question 34

feature selection allows us to do what

Answer 34

attend to something without moving physically towards it

Question 35

if parallel search means we evaluate objects simultaneously across the entire scene, does processing happen before or after the major bottlenecks of the brain?

Answer 35

before

Question 36

feature selection (thinking blue) + bottom-up attention combine to make a search easier/harder

Answer 36

easier

Question 37

colour, orientation, motion, curvature, edges/angles occur in which stage of attentional processing

Answer 37

pre-attentive

Question 38

why did alex fail to notice the red light?

Answer 38

inattentional blindness --> wasn't expecting a temporary red light, unexpected placement, less salience, doesn't match expectations

Question 39

define incremental problems

Answer 39

step-by-step, doing the maths requiring a sequence of steps to achieve a solution

Question 40

define insight problems

Answer 40

require thinking about in a creative way, flash of insight

Question 41

for insight problems, when people's perceived progress is measured every 15 seconds do people think they're getting closer to the solution progressively as time goes on

Answer 41

no

Question 42

did decaro find for incremental problems, when people's perceived progress is measured every 15 seconds do people think they're getting closer to the solution progressively as time goes on

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

does high working memory capacity help problem-solving?

Answer 43

often yes, but if you're often anxious it might not help and might hinder some

Question 44

for insight problems, is low or high working memory capacity better

Answer 44

low

Question 45

did de caro find for incremental problems, is low or high working memory better

Answer 45

high

Question 46

define fixedness. what have you got to do with it to generate novel solutions?

Answer 46

Novel solutions blocked by ‘mental set’, ‘false starts’, practised procedures, typical responses etc. block it

Question 47

What factors/conditions have been shown to enhance insight problem solving?

Answer 47

In some situations, alcohol intoxication helps with creative problem solving time of day bilingualism

Question 48

what cognitive processes are more important for insight problems?

Answer 48

reframing, divergent thinking

Question 49

for insight, what are some challenges in designing studies?

Answer 49

designing a broad range of novel examples so people will not have seen them before subjective experience of a puzzle as insight vs objective indicators what measures to use

Question 50

it was found that there was generally higher accuracy on insight-solved than analysis-solved problems. This suggest what about unconscious processes and insight

Answer 50

insight solutions reflect unconscious processes that ‘emerge into consciousness in an ‘all-or-nothing’ fashion’ when they complete – not through gradual computation