Week 9 - Memory

Question 1

explicit memory tasks will always be contaminated by ____ memories

Answer 1

implicit

Question 2

free recall + recognition are explicit/implicit?

Answer 2

explicit

Question 3

filler tasks serve what purpose? why do we wantr this

Answer 3

stopping rehearsal, controlling for short-term memory effects –> force brain to rely on LTM

Question 4

in free recall, we prompt to recall items present in which phase? what do you need to generate for yourself

Answer 4

encoding

retrieval cues

Question 5

Godden + Baddeley 1975, wet/dry divers, what does this show about environment as cue FOR RECALL

Answer 5

in absence of strong cues, environment becomes retrieval cue

Question 6

Gooden + Baddeley 1975, for wet/dry driver why doesn’t the recognition data show an interaction between environment and recall?

Answer 6

in recognition tasks, the items themselves are retrieval cues that override impact of environmental cues

Question 7

if the orienting task was rhyming (does it [eagle] rhyme with legal?) is memory better when it’s a rhyming cue or semantic? what’s the phenomenon called

Answer 7

rhyming, transfer-appropriate processing

Question 8

for ‘the fish attacked the swimmer’ is a shark or fish a better retrieval cue?

Answer 8

shark, because the study task implies shark

Question 9

explicit memory tests assess…

Answer 9

conscious recollection of information, requring intentional retrieval of past experiences/knowledge. you know your memory is being tested

Question 10

implicit memory tests assess…

Answer 10

unconscious recall of information, influence of past experiences on current behaviour, don’t know memory is being tested

Question 11

stem, fragment, and perceptual completion all test ___ memory

Answer 11

implicit

Question 12

T/F: amnesics can gain new procedural skills and show evidence of implicit memory

Answer 12

T

Question 13

T/F amnesics perform worse on word stem completion than control, but the same as control on recognition and free recall

Answer 13

F - they’re fine at word stem completion, they’re worse at free recall and recognition than control

Question 14

ramponi 2010, manipulating emotional/neutral associates, phonemic/semantic encoding, explicit/implicit recall. for explicit, semantically was remembered better overall (T/F), and emotional was remembered better only for explicit (T/F)

Answer 14

TT

Question 15

Ramponi 2010, does emotionality affect implicit memory

Answer 15

no

Question 16

deeply processing items only maes you perform better in explicit/implicit tests

Answer 16

explicit

Question 17

Weldon + Roediger -
* did people encoding as pictures or words do better for free recall
* did people encoding as pictures or words do better on word completion

what does this say about implicit memory

Answer 17

• pictures, but not as big a difference
• words

implicit memory is modality-specific, and priming is stronger when encoding and retrieval match

Question 18

Jacoby 1983, general trajectory for implicit/explicit memory across no context cue, context, generate

Answer 18

recognition (explicit) –> when there’s no context at all, explicit memory is bad. When given context, better. Generate, even better /

perceptial ID (implicit) –> no context = best, context = worse, generate = worst \

Question 19

Roediger memory process account: memory is best when encoding matches/doesn’t match retrieval, so the kind of things working well for implicit but not explicit are just the kind of things that match up well w ____ memory tasks

Answer 19

implicit

Question 20

deep encoding focuses on the ____ not the ____

Answer 20

meaning, structure

Question 21

the extent to which encoding and retrieval processes match leads to better/worse memory

Answer 21

better

Question 22

Jacoby 1993 experiment, why did people do worse on the implicit memory task in the generate condition

Answer 22

they never saw the stimulus

Question 23

outline the processing account of memory

Answer 23

explicit + implicit memory aren’t differnt memory systems but the tasks just involve different memory retrieval processes - recollection vs familiarity

Question 24

remember-know procedure Gardiner + Java posit that ‘yes’ responses in cognition are really the sum of what 3 things

Answer 24

recollection (actually remembering) + familiarity (knowing) + guessing

Question 25

Konstantinou + Gardiner 2005 separated recollection/familiarity/guessing --> deep processing (what faces were famous for) increase the recollection (remembering), familiarity (knowing) , or guessing?

Answer 25

recollection (remembering)

Question 26

based on brain scans is there evidence of separate memory systems for recollection and familiarity

Answer 26

no

Question 27

Wheeler + Buckner, are there any specific areas responding to Know in brain scans? what does this suggest

Answer 27

no, remember + know rely on a common process

Question 28

remember and know overlap hugely/not much in terms of brain areas used (they are/not separate memory system). do remember judgments need an extra area? where

Answer 28

hugely, are not yes, frontal areas

Question 29

the inclusion task (complete these w words from the list you learned if you can, otherwise w any) measures only recollection T/F

Answer 29

false, it measures recollection + familiarity

Question 30

exclusion task (complete these w words you didn't see in the prev task) measures only familiarity T/F

Answer 30

true

Question 31

the inclusion task involes completing stems with words from the list they just learned AND otherwise iwth anything you can think of T/F

Answer 31

T

Question 32

the exclusion task invlved completing stems w words you didn't see in the previous task T/F

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Yonelinas make a differences of differences graph for the red/blue graph, showing that there's a higher probability for change in recollection/familiarity than recollection/familiarity

Answer 33

recollection, familiarity

Question 34

T/F recollection and familiarity are differentialy influenced by various encoding strategies

Answer 34

T

Question 35

recollection/familiarity is the strongest predictor of activation in the MTL (medial temporal lobe) / hippocampus

Answer 35

recollection

Question 36

people with MLT lesions do better or worse on recollection than control, indicating MLT is un/necessary for recollection

Answer 36

worse, necessary

Question 37

left hippocampus plays a more sig role than right in recollection/familiarity

Answer 37

recollection

Question 38

what are 2 problems w Loftus canary model of nodes?

Answer 38

* what's inside the canary node that allows the brani to know what a canary is * how do the networks form

Question 39

McClelland + Rogers Parallel Distributed Processing PDP model * nodes represent: * meaning is distributed locally/across network * similar concepts have ____ patterns of activation

Answer 39

* concepts/features * across network * similar

Question 40

does PDP allow for error-dreiven learning? how

Answer 40

yes, through adjusting connections to minimising difference bewtween its output and desired output

Question 41

can PDP networks generalise?

Answer 41

yes, through inference about key features

Question 42

briefly define back propagation

Answer 42

the model makes a mistake, things go backwards, it changes the weightings

Question 43

do PDP networks learn the biggest or smallest distinctions first?

Answer 43

biggest

Question 44

PDP: what's an epoch

Answer 44

learning period

Question 45

PDP: is learnign sudden

Answer 45

no it's gradual through adjusint weights

Question 46

PDP is there a clear distinction between structure and processes

Answer 46

no

Question 47

can PDP models predict what happens with gradual disintegration in semantic dementia

Answer 47

yes

Question 48

what kind of spontaneous generalisation do PDP models predict? what kind of example would interfere

Answer 48

category learning, inheritance of properties of other categories. interference when learning atypical examples eg penguin, bat

Question 49

in semantic dementia, the biggest differentiators or specific unique features degrade first?

Answer 49

specific, unique

Question 50

can PDP deal with one-trial learning

Answer 50

nope

Question 51

can PDP deal with catastrophic retroactive interferene e.g. a new parking spot

Answer 51

nope

Question 52

rather than ditching PDP because it doesn't explain some exceptions, what did mcclelland propose instead * semantic happens where * rapid encoding happens where

Answer 52

brain possesses complementary learning systems * semantic is neocortical * rapid encoding of episodic is hippocampal

Question 53

over what time frame (based on HM) do memories go from hippocampus to neocortex?

Answer 53

3 yrs

Question 54

hippocampus/MTL plays a critical role in ____ activated concepts with the context where they occurred

Answer 54

binding

Question 55

implicit priming requires activating ___, consolidatec concept in ___

Answer 55

abstract, neocortex

Question 56

Henke 2010: binding is associated with: * type of associations * brain areas * type of memory

Answer 56

* rapid encoding, flexible * hippocampus, neocortex * episodic

Question 57

Henke 2010: consolidation is associated with: * type of associations (2) * brain areas (3) * type of memory

Answer 57

* slow, rigid * basal ganglia, cerebellum, neocortex * procedural, classical conditioning, SEMANTIC

Question 58

Henke 2010: priming is associated with: * type of associations * brain areas * type of memory

Answer 58

* rapid encoding, single/unitised items * parahppocampal gyrus * neocortex * priming

Question 59

Henke vs traditional declarative/non-declarative differences: is hippocampus involved in both conscious and unconscious memory? is it involved in familiarity/recognition? trad: what kind of memory is it involved in

Answer 59

henke: hipp encodes flexible associations w unconscious and consious learning. no directly involved in familiarity/recognition trad: hippocampus only in conscious. episodic memory depends on hipp

Question 60

Henke vs traditional declarative/non-declarative diffs in amnesics is it difficult to form associations whether conscious or unconscious?

Answer 60

henke: yes for either trad: only conscious adversely affected

Question 61

PDP are constructed from ___ episodes but capture ___ between them

Answer 61

individual, relationships

Question 62

unanswered q's from PDPs?

Answer 62

* What are these mental representations? → abstract or embodied? * What’s the diff between semantic and embodied memory

Question 63

define embodiment

Answer 63

representations aren't separated from the systems that encode/represent them. it's about where they're STORED multiple sensory, visual, audio representations of the many dogs we encounter, become our mental representation of DOG

Question 64

Barsalou says single representation of bike unlikely to be stored ni an abstract sense, and instead says

Answer 64

even if there's one concept/idea, everything is still distributed and would need to be combined to be understood

Question 65

Hauk lexical decision responses: when people looked at the words lick, pick, kick in a list, did associated parts of the brain activate

Answer 65

yup

Question 66

Pulvermuller: activating the arm site w TMS, would it take longer/same/shorter to respond to leg words?

Answer 66

longer

Question 67

for Barsalou where are concepts stored

Answer 67

in the areas they refer to, forever in the place they were formed

Question 68

what does the distributed-plus-hub model add to distributed-only from Barsalou

Answer 68

accepts evidence for distribution, but saying the anterior temporal lobe is the hub tying everything together --> anterior lobe is damaged in semantic dementia

Question 69

consistent w PDP models, the semantic system deteriorates from precise --> general?

Answer 69

T

Question 70

Patterson - do target-unusual (orange celery) become harder to identify, dropping off earlier compared to target-typical? for semantic dementia

Answer 70

yes

Question 71

what are cogntive capabilities that can be preserved when they don't rely on semantic knowledge

Answer 71

general intelligence, problem solving, visuo-spatial processing/memory

Question 72

are ppl w semantic dementia ok at reproducing the rey complex figure? why/why not?

Answer 72

yes, same as control. because their visual cortex isn't necessarily damageds, it's got to do w meaning

Question 73

despite loss of semantic info, do episodic/autobiogrpahical knowledge persist in sem dem? what kind of things do they remember?

Answer 73

yes directions, order of things that happenes

Question 74

difference in distribution of effects for alzheimers?

Answer 74

widespread disintegration (reduced metabolism) across broader area

Question 75

do alzheimers retain episodic memory? what main cortex is targeted (only one mentioned)

Answer 75

no, motor cortex

Question 76

is category fluency worse for semantic dementia or alzheimers?

Answer 76

semantic dementia

Question 77

the mental rotation of objects is strong evidence for....

Answer 77

embodiment

Question 78

Tulvig defined episodic memory by... * ___-evolved *___-developing * ____-deteriorating

Answer 78

defined by content - time, context-specific * recently * late * early

Question 79

define autonoetic awareness

Answer 79

awareness of the fact you remember yourself to be there

Question 80

are dissociations between episodic and semantic memory evidence for being stored in different structures?

Answer 80

no, they're formed in different ways

Question 81

what brain part are episodic and semantic memory both part of

Answer 81

MTL

Question 82

CB received more or less support

Answer 82

more

Question 83

does evidence actually show evidence for graded retro-active amnesia - eg memories for just before hipocampal damage are lost, but memories from earlier are retained

Answer 83

no

Question 84

Cabeza + St Jacques show that the hippocampus is active during ___ of autobiographical memories, along with ____ activation as memory is experiences which links to ____ idea

Answer 84

recovery, visual cortex, embodied

Question 85

what did Tulving + Thomson do in relation to the "levels of processing" effect?

Answer 85

reversed it, so shallow-processed items were recalled MORE *because they were encoded + retrieved in the same fashion*

Question 86

jacoby 1983 the one with the red/blue line very simple: summary

Answer 86

implicit memory gets better the less context you have when processing/encoding

Question 87

Konstantinou + Gardiner 2005, is "know" affected by level of processing?

Answer 87

no

Question 88

Wheeler + Buckner 2004 neuroimaging, which 2 areas were more active when recalling Old vs New items? specific to what

Answer 88

parietal: common to remember and know temporal cortex: specific to recollection

Question 89

the "exclusion" task instructs participants to... and tests

Answer 89

complete w words you didn't see previously, familiarity

Question 90

the "inclusion" task instructs participants to... and tests

Answer 90

complete w words you learned and otherwise any word you can think of, both recollection + familiarity