Cohesion

Question 1

Define Cohesion

Answer 1

Refers to the ways that information presented different parts of a text are linked together by language features
Remember the elements of cohesion using the mnemonic HIS CAR CRASHED

Question 2

List the elements of Cohesion

Answer 2

Hypernymy, Information Flow, Substitution, Collocation, Adverbials, Referencing, Conjunctions, Repetition, Antonymy, Synonymy, Hyponymy, Ellipsis, Deictics

Question 3

Hypernymy

Answer 3

Refers to terms that form broad categories other lexemes fall into. Eg. The hypernym dog includes the hyponyms German Shepherd, puppy, and woofer.

Question 4

Information Flow

Answer 4

Refers to the ways that the presentation of information can be altered by moving parts of a sentence
Information Flow includes:
- It-Clefting
- Pseudo-Clefting
- WH-Clefting
- Front Focus
- End Focus

Question 5

It-Clefting

Answer 5

Use ‘It’ as a dummy subject to turn a simple sentence into a complex sentence. It-Clefts usually create Front Focus.
Eg. “The cat ate the fish.” becomes “It was the cat who ate the fish.”

Question 6

Pseudo-Clefting

Answer 6

Often use a ‘WH-’ word like What’ as a dummy subject. Pseudo-Clefts usually create End Focus.
Eg. “The cat ate the fish.” becomes”
What was eaten by the cat was the fish.

Question 7

Front Focus

Answer 7

Places emphasis on the beginning of the sentence to emphasise the first key idea

Question 8

End Focus

Answer 8

Places emphasis on the final part of the sentence to emphasise the final idea

Question 9

Clefting

Answer 9

Involves the movement of a phrase to another place in the sentence to create emphasis.
This can be done through creating an It-Cleft OR a Pseudo-Cleft

Question 10

Substitution

Answer 10

Involves replacing a term with another term. This can include replacing nouns with pronouns or using an abbreviation instead of a full phrase. Synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy are all parts of substitution.

Question 11

Collocation

Answer 11

Words within phrases that are closely associated and are expected to be used together. Collocations are culturally specific and subjective.
Eg. There is a [car park]

Question 12

Adverbials

Answer 12

Adverbials provide additional information about when, where or how an action is completed.

Question 13

Referencing

Answer 13

Referencing can be anaphoric or cataphoric.
Anaphoric referencing occurs where a pronoun is substituted for a noun AFTER the noun has been introduced. Eg. This is Sara. She is eating.
Cataphoric referencing occurs where a pronoun is substituted for a noun BEFORE the noun has been introduced.
Eg. He is walking. Rupert likes sports.

Question 14

Anaphoric Referencing

Answer 14

Anaphoric referencing occurs where a pronoun is substituted for a noun AFTER the noun has been introduced. Eg. This is Sara. She is eating.

Question 15

Cataphoric Referencing

Answer 15

Cataphoric referencing occurs where a pronoun is substituted for a noun BEFORE the noun has been introduced.
Eg. He is walking. Rupert likes sports.

Question 16

Conjunctions

Answer 16

Conjunctions connect ideas within a sentence. Conjunctions can be coordinating (FANBOYS) or subordinating.

Question 17

Repetition

Answer 17

Reinforces or maintains a topic within a discourse.
This can include repetition of specific lexemes or repetition through substitution.

Question 18

Antonymy

Answer 18

Use of antonyms with contrasting meanings are used to vary language in a discourse.

Question 19

Synonymy

Answer 19

Use of synonyms with similar meanings are used to vary language in a discourse.

Question 20

Hyponymy

Answer 20

Lexemes that are drawn from the same category of hypernym and belong to the same semantic field.

Question 21

Ellipsis

Answer 21

Occurs when words or phrases have been removed from a discourse. This might be to avoid repetition, and requires inference from the audience and other interlocutors to figure out what information has been removed.

Question 22

Deictics

Answer 22

Relies on the knowledge of the people involved, as well as the place and time a discourse occurs for interlocutors to infer WHO, WHEN, and WHERE a discourse may refer to.
Eg. It’s over [there].
Eg. Hey [you]!