Unit 3+4: Subsystem Patterning

Question 1

Phonological Patterning

Answer 1

ROAR AC
The elements of Phonological Patterning include: Rhyme, Onomatopoeia, Alliteration, Rhythm, Assonance, and Consonance.

Question 2

Rhyme

Answer 2

Rhyme is created through repetition of the same word endings or terminating morphemes. Rhyme can be used to add emphasis to a key idea. Eg. [cat] and [mat]

Question 3

Onomatopoeia

Answer 3

A word formed by imitating a sound. Onomatopoeia can be used as an interjection, exclamative, or to add emphasis to a key idea within the text. Eg. [ooft!] [meow]

Question 4

Rhythm

Answer 4

Rhythm is created by patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables within a text. Rhythm can be deliberately manipulated by interlocutors to place specific emphasis on a key idea from the text.

Question 5

Assonance

Answer 5

Repetition of the same vowel sound within words. The effect of assonance is often to emphasise a key idea within the text. Eg. [How now, there ‘ s a cow]

Question 6

Consonance

Answer 6

Repetition of the same consonant sound within words. The effect of consonance is often to emphaise a key idea within the text. Eg. [funny sunglasses]

Question 7

Alliteration

Answer 7

Repetition of the initial consonant sound. The
effect of alliteration is often to emphasise a key
idea within the text. Eg. [Sera said so.]

Question 8

Syntactic Patterning

Answer 8

PAL
The elements of Syntactic Patterning include: Parallelism, Antithesis, and Listing.

Question 9

Parallelism

Answer 9

When two or more phrases, clauses or sentences are
structurally similar and appear near each other. Parallelism
can make ideas within a text easier to process as parallelisms are often predictable and expected. Eg. [I came. I saw. I conquered.]
Eg. [Today is the first day at school, the first day of classes, and your first English Language poster of the year.

Question 10

Antithesis

Answer 10

Parallelism where the items that are parallel are in contract with each other. Eg. [It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.]
Eg. [There’s good news and bad news.]

Question 11

Listing

Answer 11

The process where collections of related elements are placed together and are often joined by a conjunction. Eg. [At the shops I bought chips, chocolate and fruit.]
Lists can also be created through bullet point listing, which uses dot points and sentence fragments to separate items.
Eg. [The elements of
syntactic patterning are:
–> Parallelism
–> Antithesis
–> Listing]

Question 12

Morphological Patterning

Answer 12

A CAB IS BACC
The elements of Morphological Patterning
include: affixation, compounding, abbreviation, backformation, initialism, shortening, blending, acronym, conversion of word class, contraction

Question 13

Affixation

Answer 13

Use of a prefix, suffix or infix to modify a root or stem word. Affixes can be inflectional or derivational.
Prefix - used at the beginning of a word
Infix - used in the middle of a word
Suffix - used at the end of a word

Question 14

Compounding

Answer 14

Creates a new word by placing two free morphemes together. Eg. Face + Book = Facebook
Eg. Blue + Berry = Blueberry

Question 15

Abbreviation

Answer 15

Involves the process of creating initialisms and acronyms.
Initialism - each letter is individually pronounced. Eg. RSPCA
Acronym - the letters are pronounced as a word Eg. NASA

Question 16

Backformation

Answer 16

The process of creating a word through removing a suffix from an already existing word. Eg. The verb ‘edit’ comes from the noun ‘editor’ .
Eg. The verb ‘babysit’ comes from the noun ‘babysitter’

Question 17

Initialism

Answer 17

Occurs when a phrase is reduced to the first letter of each word, but is pronounced as a series of letters. Eg. RSPCA, RACV

Question 18

Shortening

Answer 18

Involves dropping the beginning or end of a word to create a shorter form. Eg. ‘Fridge’ from ‘Refrigerator’ Eg. ‘Gym’ from ‘Gymnasium’

Question 19

Blending

Answer 19

Creates a new word by placing together two bound morphemes OR a bound morpheme and a free morpheme together.
Eg. Baby + ccino = Babyccino
Eg. Fan + Dom = Fandom

Question 20

Acronym

Answer 20

Occurs when a phrase is reduced to the first
letter of each word, and is pronounced as a new word.
Eg. NASA
Eg. ANZAC

Question 21

Conversion of Word Class

Answer 21

The process of changing the word class of a
term by adding suffixes.
Eg. ‘Participate’ (v) to ‘Participation’ (n)
Eg. ‘Email’ (n) to ‘Emailed’ (past tense v)

Question 22

Contraction

Answer 22

Involves combining two words into one, with an
apostrophe showing where part of a word has been removed. Eg. ‘I will’ becomes ‘I’ll’ Eg. ‘cannot’ becomes ‘can’t’

Question 23

Semantic Patterning

Answer 23

POSH FILM AP
Semantic Patterning includes: personification, oxymoron, simile, hyperbole, figurative language, irony, lexical ambiguity, metaphor, assonance, puns

Question 24

Personification

Answer 24

Using language to give human qualities or abilities to a non-human thing.
Eg. [The plants are crying out on this hot day.]
Eg. [These notebooks are waiting to be filled.]

Question 25

Oxymoron

Answer 25

Phrase that combines two contradictory ideas. Eg. [A deafening silence settled over the crowd.] Eg. [Romeo feels a light darkness.]

Question 26

Simile

Answer 26

Comparison between two things that uses ‘like’ or ‘as’ to make the comparison. Eg. [Chandra is as brave as a lion.] Eg. [Sara is as quiet as a mouse.]

Question 27

Hyperbole

Answer 27

Refers to exaggerations, often for comedic or humorous effect, Eg. [I could eat a whole elephant]

Question 28

Figurative Language

Answer 28

Language that is deliberately used to enhance description, including non-literal descriptions.

Question 29

Irony

Answer 29

Occurs when the speaker states one thing, but intends the audience to understand a contradictory meaning. Eg. Saying [What lovely weather!] when it is raining. Eg. Saying [This is a great day] when it is not a great day

Question 30

Lexical Ambiguity

Answer 30

Occurs when words with multiple meanings are used and it is not possible to determine which meaning should be used. Eg. I shot the elephant in my pyjamas. Eg. The punch made him unsteady on his feet.

Question 31

Metaphor

Answer 31

Comparison between two things that relies on the reader inferring meaning. Eg. [Your words are a sharp knife.] Eg. [The class had forgotten then gathering storm of assessments.]

Question 32

Animation

Answer 32

Using language to give life or movement to inanimate objects, ideas or places. Eg. [The wind howled through the trees.] Eg. [The mountain is lonely and alone.]

Question 33

Puns

Answer 33

A play on the meaning of different words, often for comedic effect. Eg. [You can tune a guitar, but you can’t tuna fish.] Eg.[Inspecting mirrors is a job I could see myself doing.]