1
Q
Mixtures of two or more substances
A
DISPERSION
2
Q
internal or discontinuous phase
A
DISPERSED PHASE
3
Q
external or continuous phase
A
DISPERSION MEDIUM
4
Q
common dispersion medium
A
WATER
5
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
particle size of colloids
A
1 - 500 nm
6
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
May be detected under ____
A
ultramicroscope
7
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
visible in an ____
A
electron microscope
8
Q
- Particle size is **1 nm to 500 nm (0.5 mm) **
- May be detected under ultramicroscope and visible in an electron microscope
- Pass-through filter paper but do not pass through a semipermeable membrane
- Diffuse very slowly
- Examples: Jelly, Polymers, Milk, Paint, Cheese
A
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
9
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
Pass-through ____
A
filter paper
10
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
do not pass through a ____
A
semipermeable membrane
11
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
diffuse ____
A
very slowly
12
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
source of radiation of the ultramicroscope
A
LIGHT
13
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
- source of the radiation of the electron microscope
- provides high resolution power
A
ELECTRONS
14
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
possess ____ surface area
A
enormous
15
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
possess ____ surface
A
specific
16
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
surface area per unit weight or volume
A
specific surface
17
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
The smaller the particle size, the ____ the surface area
A
greater
18
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
- effective catalyst
- directly proportional to the surface area
A
platinum black
19
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
when they increase in size, they turn from red to blue
A
gold solution
20
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
when they decrease in size, they trun from red to yellow
A
Sb and As trisulfides
21
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION
- A separation method, using a semi-permeable membrane
- the pore size of which will prevent the passage of colloidal particles
- permit small molecules and ions, such as urea, glucose, and NaCl to pass through
A
DIALYSIS
22
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION
uses a semipermeable membrane of collodion or cellophane
A
DIALYSIS
23
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION
start of dialysis: colloids & subcolloids in ____ compartment
A
1
24
Q
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION
upon the dialysis: ____ pass through the membrane
A
semicolloids
25
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
at the **end** of the dialysis: ____ **remain** in the compartment
colloids
26
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
for **kidney failure**, principle behind kidney failure to **remove impurities from the blood**
dialysis
27
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
TYPE OF DIALYSIS:
uses **dialyzer**
hemodialysis
28
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
TYPE OF DIALYSIS:
**do not** use **external** devices; uses **peritonium**
peritoneal dialysis
29
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
A separation and purification process of colloidal material that allows filtration under **negative pressure (suction)** through a dialysis membrane supported in a **Buchner funnel**.
ultrafiltration
30
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
**funnel** used in **ultrafiltration**
Buchner funnel
31
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
filtration conducted under **negative pressure (suction)**
ultrafiltration
32
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION**
hasted by use of **electric potential** across the membrane
electrodialysis
33
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS**
* Systems with colloidal particles that **interact well with the dispersion medium** forming colloidal dispersions or solutions
* has **higher affinity** to **dispersion medium**
LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS
34
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS**
**Lyophilic** colloids are also called as
**solvent loving** colloids
SOL
35
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC**
the **attachment** between the **dispersed phase** and the **dispersion medium**
SOLVATION
36
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC**
lyophilic colloids in an **aqueous dispersion media**.
▪ Examples are **gelatin**, **acacia**, **insulin**, **albumin in water**
hydrophilic colloids
37
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC**
**solvation** in **hydrophilic** colloids is termed as
hydration
38
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | HYDROPHILIC**
**acacia** and **gelatin** are ____
POLYMERS
| (molecules in chain)
39
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | HYDROPHILIC**
**insulin** and **albumin** are ____
proteins
40
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | HYDROPHILIC**
**acacia**, **gelatin**, **insulin**, and **albumin** are ____
| they are **large enough** to classify as colloidals
macromolecules
41
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC**
lyophilic colloids in **non-aqueous**, **organic** solvents.
▪ Examples are **rubber** and **polystyrene dissolved in benzene**.
LIPOPHILIC COLLOIDS
42
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS**
* Composed of materials that have **little attraction** for the **dispersion medium**.
* Examples are **inorganic particles** dispersed in water, such as **gold**, **silver**, **sulfur**, **silver iodide**.
* These colloids **do not like solvents.**
* They are **less stable**; therefore, a **stabilizing agent** is **often used** to make this system stable.
LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS (SOLVENT HATING)
43
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC**
Composed of materials that have ____ for the **dispersion medium**
LITTLE ATTRACTION
44
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC**
These colloids ____ **solvents**
do not like
45
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC**
They are ____ **stable**
less
46
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC**
uses ____ to **make** this system **stable**
stablizing agent
47
# **TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS**
* characterized by having **two distinct regions of opposing solution affinities within the same molecule** or ion.
* can combine **both** with **polar** and **non-polar solvent**
* composed of **aggregates of micelles**
AMPHIPHILIC / ASSOCIATION COLLOIDS
(amphiphiles)
48
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION**
**aggregates** of **50 or more monomers** of **amphiphiles**, has a size of **50 nm**
micelles
49
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION**
**concentration of monomer** at which **micelles are formed**
critical micelle concentration (CMC)
50
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION**
**number of monomers** (amphiphiles) that **aggregate** to **form a micelle**
AGGREGATION NUMBER
51
# **PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* **scattering of light** by colloidal particles
* widely used for **determining MW** of colloids
* scattering can be described in terms of **turbidity T**
FARADAY TYNDALL EFFECT
52
# **PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* Used to **observe** the **size**, **shape**, and **structure** of colloidal particles
* Has **higher resolution power** than optical microscope
* resolution defined in terms of ***d***
* the **smaller** the ***d***, the **greater** is the **resolving power**
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
53
# **PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
FARADAY-TYNDALL EFFECT:
**scattering** can be described in terms of
turbidity
*T*
54
# **PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE:
resolution is defined in terms of
*d*
55
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* **random**, **erratic movement** of colloidal particles
* results from the **bombardment of the particles** by the **molecules** of the **dispersion medium**
* **velocity increases** with **decreasing particle size**
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
56
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* **Spontaneous movement** from **high to low concentration** until **uniform system is achieved**
* **direct results** of **Brownian movement**
* Can be expressed by **Fick’s First Law**
DIFFUSION
57
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
DIFFUSION:
is expressed by ____
Fick's First Law
58
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* Can be described by **van’t Hoff equation**
* used to **calculate** the **MW** of a colloid in a **dilute solution**
* Colloidal particles **cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane**
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
59
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
OSMOTIC PRESSURE:
can be described by _____
van't hoff equation
π = cRT
60
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* Velocity of sedimentation is given by **Stoke’s law**
* a **stronger force must be applied** to bring about the sedimentation = use of **ultracentrifuge**
SEDIMENTATION
(settling)
61
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
SEDIMENTATION (SETTLING):
**velocity of sedimentation** is given by ____
stoke's law
62
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* **resistance to flow** of a system under applied stress
* **more viscous** → **greater force** to make it flow
* **affected** by **shape** of particles
VISCOSITY
63
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS | VISCOSITY**
SPHERICAL
less viscous
64
# **KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS | VISCOSITY**
LINEAR
more viscous
65
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION**
the **movement of a charged surface** with respect to an **adjacent liquid phase** is the basic principle
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
66
# **ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
movement of **charged particle** through liquid **under the influence** of an **applied potential difference**
electrophoresis
67
# **ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
movement of **liquid** through a **plug** or **membrane** across which a potential is applied
electroosmosis
68
# **ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
**creation of potential or charge** when particles **undergo sedimentation**
sedimentation potential
69
# **ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
creation of potential **when liquid flow** through a **plug** or **membrane**
streaming potentital
70
# **ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS**
* An **important measure of the charge** on a **particle’s surface**
* **High** surface charge → colloidal particles **repel**
zeta potential
71
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION**
* An important property of association colloids in a solution that has the **ability of the micelles to increase the solubility** of materials that are **normally insoluble**, or **slightly soluble**, in the dispersion medium used
* The **location** of the **molecule undergoing solubilization in a micelle** is related to the **balance between the polar** and **nonpolar properties** of the molecule
* **Adding a third component**, such as **emulsifying agent** in an emulsion, to **increase solubility**.
SOLUBILIZATION
72
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | SOLUBILIZATION**
An important property of **association colloids** in a solution that has the ____ of materials that are **normally insoluble**, or **slightly soluble**, in the dispersion medium used
ability of the **micelles** to **increase** the solubility
73
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | SOLUBILIZATION**
The **location** of the **molecule undergoing solubilization in a micelle** is **related** to the **balance between** the ____ of the molecule
polar and nonpolar properties
74
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | SOLUBILIZATION**
**Adding** a ____, such as **emulsifying agent** in an emulsion, to **increase solubility**
third component
75
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION**
The **presence** and **magnitude of a charge** in a colloidal particles is important.
STABILITY
76
# **Stabilization is achieved by:**
Providing particles with ____
ELECTRIC CHARGE
77
# **Stabilization is achieved by:**
Adding **small amount** of **electrolyte** to
LYOPHOBIC SOLS
78
# **Stabilization is achieved by:**
**Surrounding** particles with ____
PROTECTIVE SOLVENT SHEATH
79
# **Stabilization is achieved by:**
**adding hydrophilic sol** (protective colloids) to ____
HYDROPHOBIC COLLOIDS
80
# **COLLOIDAL DISPERSION**
**Protective property** is expressed in
GOLD NUMBER
81
# **GOLD NUMBER**
The **lower** the **gold number**, the ____ is the **protective ability**
HIGHER
82
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
* A colloidal gel in which **water** is the **dispersion medium**
* Used for **wound healing**, **scaffolds in tissue engineering**, and **sustained-release of drugs**
* Examples: **alginate**, **gelatin**, **chitosan**
HYDROGELS
83
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
* **Small (0.2 – 0.5 um)**, **loaded microspheres** of polymers
* Developed as **carriers** for **vaccines** and **anticancer drugs**
* **Increase efficiency** of drug **delivery**, **release** and **targeting**
* Examples: **polystyrene**, **polymicrosphere**
MICROPARTICLES
84
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
* consists of an **outer membrane** and an **inner liquid core**
* formed with **phospholipids**
* has a **phospholipid bilayer**
* loaded with pharmaceutical through:
1) **lipophilic** compounds → lipophilic **membrane**
2) **hydrophilic** compounds → hydrophilic **core**
LIPOSOMES
85
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
LIPOSOMES:
**lipophilic** ____
membrane
86
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
LIPOSOMES:
**hydrophilic** ____
core
87
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
* similar to liposomes but **do not have inner liquid compartment**
* used for **delivery** of **hydrophobic pharmaceuticals**
* **single layer**
* for **water insoluble** drugs
* **nonpolar**
MICELLES
88
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
usually formed with **homogeneous** particles
MICROEMULSIONS
NANOEMULSIONS
89
# **PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS**
* **submicroscopic** colloidal drug carrier
* composed of **oily** or **aqueous core**
* surrounded by **thin polymer membrane**
* more optimal as **carrier** for **unstable drugs**
NANOPARTICLES
PHYPHARM
flashcards
Decks in class (28)
# Cards
-
M197
-
M2: STATES OF MATTER187
-
HSDIUGFS6
-
MOLECULAR DISPERSIONS39
-
FORMULAS13
-
THERMDYNAMICS29
-
MOD 2186
-
MOD 196
-
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES67
-
INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA122
-
SOLUBILITY83
-
COARSE DISPERSION82
-
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM & BUFFERS64
-
ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS42
-
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES67
-
INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA133
-
SOLUBILITY83
-
COARSE DISPERSION82
-
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM & BUFFERS64
-
ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS41
-
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION89
-
MICROMERITICS125
-
MICROMERITICS FORMULAS5
-
RHEOLOGY81
-
RHEOLOGY FORMULAS2
-
COMPLEXATION51
-
CHEM KINETICS PART 133
-
CHEM KINETICS FORMULAS12
