511 > communicable diseases > Flashcards

communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

why focus on influenza?

A

because it is top 10 causes of death in Canada, high pandemic potential, and many ways to prevent it

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2
Q

infection definition

A

an infectious agent that invades a suitable host and causes an inflammatory response

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3
Q

disease definition

A

a condition that impairs normal body functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms

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4
Q

asymptomatic infection other name

A

subclinical

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5
Q

asymptomatic infection definition

A

infection may cause a host response but not result in signs or symptoms

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6
Q

colonization definition

A

the presence of a microorganism on or in the body that does not cause disease

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7
Q

the iceberg concept of disease

A

refers to the fact that we only detect a small portion of individuals with the disease, but many will go undetected

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8
Q

3 factors of the epidemiologic model

A

agent, host, and environment

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9
Q

types of microbes

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or prions

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10
Q

what type of microbe is influenza?

A

a virus

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11
Q

infectivity definition

A

the ability of an organism to establish itself in a susceptible host, i.e. cause infection

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12
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability to cause disease, not just infection

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13
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

causes disease in a person with an impaired immune system

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14
Q

non-pathogenic meaning

A

pathogens that do not cause disease, ex. E coli in the gut

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15
Q

attack rate meaning

A

proportion of exposed persons who will become ill

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16
Q

virulence meaning

A

the severity of disease caused by an organism and determined by the case fatality rate

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17
Q

case-fatality rate

A

is the proportion of deaths from a certain disease among those diagnosed during a specific time interval

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18
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

the genetically-acquired capacity for bacteria to withstand antimicrobial treatment and this is a growing issue

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19
Q

what is the leading cause of antimicrobial resistance?

A

inappropriate use and overprescription to humans and animals, allowing the microbe to adapt

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20
Q

reservoir meaning

A

where the microbe lives

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21
Q

what is influenza reservoir?

A

humans and some animals like birds

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22
Q

how long can influenza persist on surfaces?

A

24-48 hours

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23
Q

two subtypes of contact transmission

A

direct or non-direct

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24
Q

direct contact examples

A

sexual, touching, kissing, and biting

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25
indirect contact examples
vector borne (animal), bloodborne, food borne, and water borne
26
types of transmission methods
contact, droplet, airborne, or vertical
27
vertical transmission meaning
mother to baby in utero or via breast-feeding
28
airborne particle size
< 10 um
29
droplet particle size
50-100 um
30
how far can droplets travel?
< 2 meters
31
how far can airborne particles travel?
beyond the room
32
fomites meaning
an inanimate object that becomes contaminated and thus transmits disease
33
how is influenza transmitted?
droplets and aerosols spread through coughing or sneezing and through direct or indirect contact with respiratory secretions
34
influenza incubation period
2 days
35
influenza infectious period
24 hr prior to symptom onset and 5 days post symptoms
36
incubation period meaning
refers to exposure to agent to onset of symptoms, includes when you are infectious to others
37
infectious period
begins with onset of symptoms to when you are no longer infectious
38
characteristics of susceptibility to be a host
immunity, past exposure, immune system functioning, co-infection, other health status factors, and behaviour and socioeconomic factors
39
co-infection meaning
two infections present at once, causing worse disease; ex. hep A and B at the same time
40
influenza high risk groups
those with chronic health conditions, pregnant individuals, residents of nursing homes, 65+, and Indigenous peoples
41
physical factors of the environment
includes climate, reservoir, physical structures, and population density
42
example how would climate affect the environment?
more rain would create more conditions for mosquitoes, causing more infection or unsafe drinking
43
example of reservoir environment
contaminated water serving as a reservoir for E coli, ex. english bay in the summer
44
how does population density contribute to the environment?
cold weather crowding
45
how does the social environment affect disease and infection?
social structure impacts exposure, susceptibility, severity, and the quality of treatment
46
how does influenza spread via the environment?
seasonal in winter due to crowding indoors with windows shut
47
how to prevent infection spread via the environment?
adapting to climate change, sewage treatment, protecting food via inspections, treating chlorinated water, controlling vectors like mosquitoes, controlling animal reservoirs, and promoting healthy public policies
48
what do you need to effectively control infection?
to know about the agent, host, and environment and how they interact; the more chains you can disrupt, the more successful you can be
49
ways to prevent disease for portals of entry
hand hygiene, aseptic technique, wound care, catheter care, and PPE
50
ways to prevent disease in regards to the suspecticle host?
immunization, nutrition, recognition of high-risk patients, and treatment
51
ways to prevent disease in regards to the infectious agent
antimicrobial therapy, disinfection, and sterilization
52
ways to prevent disease in regards to reservoirs
engineering controls, environmental cleaning/disinfection, proper food storage, and water treatment
53
ways to prevent disease in regards to portals of exit
hand hygiene, disposal of waste and contaminated items, and control of excretions and secretions
54
ways to prevent disease in regards to modes of transmission
spatial separation, engineering controls, hand hygiene, and equipment disinfection
55
individual benefits of immunization
prevents infection and/or reduces the severity
56
collective benefits of immunization
prevents transmission to those that are suspecticle and if enough people in the population are immune, the circulation of the pathogen cannot be sustained (herd immunity)
57
herd immunity
if enough people in the population are immune, the circulation of the pathogen cannot be sustained
58
what vaccines can prevent cancer?
HPV and HBV because these diseases can cause cancer
59
active immunization
refers to the body making its own response to the vaccine and takes 1-2 weeks to develop that response and it is long lasting
60
passive immunization
refers to antibodies make by others and is immediate but short term protection; ex. birthing parent passively gives antibodies to infant
61
vaccine pre-exposure
is given before exposed to a pathogen and generally uses active immunization
62
vaccine post-exposure
is given after a person has been exposed to prevent illness and depends on the pathogen in which it is effective to hep A or rabies
63
live vaccines
refers to a weakened form of the pathogen that must replicate to be effective; these have a longer lasting effect
64
when are live vaccines contraindicated?
for pregnant individuals or those who are immunocompromised
65
inactivated vaccines
are those that are unable to replicate and are not as strong as an immune response but are safe in pregnancy or for immunocompromised individuals
66
what antibody is being tested during immunity measures?
IgG
67
what factors influence immune response to a vaccine?
vaccine related factors and host-related factors
68
what are vaccine related factors that influence immune response to a vaccine?
the nature of the antigen, the dose of the antigen, and the presence of vaccine adjuvants
69
what are host-related factors that influence immune response to a vaccine?
circulating antibodies, age of client, genetics, nutritional factors, co-existing disease, and previous exposure to antigen
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