pain pt 2

Question 1

terms that classify pain

Answer 1

physiological, temporal, systemic, etiological, and mechanistic

Question 2

physiological pain types

Answer 2

visceral or somatic

Question 3

temporal pain types

Answer 3

acute, subacute, or chronic; only refers to the timeline of pain but tissue damage

Question 4

systemic pain types

Answer 4

musculoskeletal, neurological, psychological, and GI

Question 5

etiological pain types

Answer 5

is the cause of pain which can be trauma, operative, infective, and cancer

Question 6

mechanistic pain types

Answer 6

nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic; these explain the mechanisms for what is causing pain

Question 7

mnemonic for pain assessment

Answer 7

OPQRST

Question 8

OPQRST meaning

Answer 8

is used for pain assessment; is onset, provocation and palliation, quality, region and radiation, severity, and time

Question 9

self reporting pain types

Answer 9

visual analogue scale (0-100), numeric rating scale (0-10), and faces pain scale

Question 10

how can drawing be used to assess pain?

Answer 10

patients can draw areas of pain and label the sensation

Question 11

what are different ways that pain can be assessed?

Answer 11

self reporting, drawings, non-verbal cues, and understanding cultural considerations

Question 12

how can art making help to express pain?

Answer 12

it is a traditional way to express perspectives of pain, thoughts, worries, and emotions in a visual manner

Question 13

taking circles

Answer 13

are focused on no authority figures and allowing members to speak openly and honestly in a safe space to express pain

Question 14

critiques of the radar plot

Answer 14

the clinician can lose the focus on the person and focus more on the treatment and the target of their pain, focusing too much on psychological not biological factors

Question 15

nociceptive pain

Answer 15

is pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non-neural tissue and is due to the activation of peripheral nociceptors

Question 16

polymodal nociceptors

Answer 16

are those that pick up on multiple different types of noxious stimuli

Question 17

nociceptors

Answer 17

are primary afferents that detect actual or potential tissue damage

Question 18

threshold of nociceptors

Answer 18

is high threshold, meaning they need a strong stimulus to fire an action potential

Question 19

does nociception or injury occur first?

Answer 19

nociception - this is there to prevent injury, but doesn’t occur much earlier before

Question 20

how does inflammation cause nociception?

Answer 20

it lowers the threshold of nociceptors due to chemical mediators sensitizing the nociceptors

Question 21

characteristics of nociceptive pain

Answer 21

proportionate, localized, consistent, and predictable

Question 22

neuropathic pain

Answer 22

is pain caused by a lesion or disease to the somatosensory nervous system; can be PNS pain or CNS pain

Question 23

peripheral neuropathic pain

Answer 23

pain caused by a lesion or disease of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system

Question 24

central neuropathic pain

Answer 24

pain caused by a lesion or disease of the central somatosensory nervous system

Question 25

spontaneous ectopic firing

Answer 25

is firing of a nerve without a stimulus due to a problem in the nerve itself as a result of disease or lesion; this is present in neuropathic pain

Question 26

examples of central neuropathic pain

Answer 26

MS, parkinson's, or stroke

Question 27

examples of peripheral neuropathic pain

Answer 27

diabetes, phantom limb, shingles, entrapped nerves, or tumor invasions

Question 28

characteristics of neuropathic pain

Answer 28

spontaneous/ectopic pain (burning, shocking, cold, tingling, numbness), impaired neural transmission, follows path of nerve, often requires interdisciplinary care, and often doesn't respond to NSAIDs

Question 29

drugs for neuropathic pain

Answer 29

TCAs, SNRIs, and gabapentin; these slow down nociceptive signalling but also slow down everything like cognition and cause drowsiness

Question 30

allodynia

Answer 30

is pain to a non-noxious stimulus, e.g. light touch

Question 31

hyperalgesia

Answer 31

increased pain to a noxious stimuli, sharp is often used as a test

Question 32

two sensory changes of neuropathic pain

Answer 32

allodynia and hyperalgesia; this is reflecting that the sensory system has become sensitized and these are contained within dermatomes and peripheral nerve distribution

Question 33

neuropathic screening tool

Answer 33

is a pain assessment used to confirm neuropathic pain and rule out nociceptive pain

Question 34

nociplastic pain

Answer 34

is pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors, or evidence of disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing the pain

Question 35

nociplastic pain mechanisms

Answer 35

is complex and not fully understood but includes central sensitization, maladaptive changes in the brain region connectivity, neuro-immune interactions, and learning

Question 36

in what types of pain is allodynia and hyperalgesia present in?

Answer 36

nociplastic and neuropathic

Question 37

differences in allodynia and hyperalgesia between nociplastic and neuropathic pain?

Answer 37

in neuropathic, it is neuro-anatomically correct but it is not in nociplastic

Question 38

characteristics of nociplastic pain

Answer 38

more difficult to draw connections between mechanisms and complaint, resting and widespread pain that is influenced by psychosocial factors, and non-mechanical and non-predictable patterns

Question 39

what can the nociplastic screening tool tell you?

Answer 39

if the client scores above moderate, it reflects that their nervous system is over sensitive and you should be more cautious and graded with rehab

Question 40

chronic primary MSK pain

Answer 40

is characterized by significant emotional distress or functional disability and cannot be attributed directly to a known disease or damage process; pain is the problem

Question 41

chronic secondary MSK pain

Answer 41

symptoms that arise from an underlying disease that originates in persistent nociception in MSK structures from local or systemic etiologies, or it can be related to inflammation or biomechanical consequences of diseases of the nervous system

Question 42

when is pain considered chronic?

Answer 42

after 3-6 months

Question 43

what is non-observable for pain?

Answer 43

the experience

Question 44

what is observable for pain?

Answer 44

the expression