What was Russia like in the 1800s?
- No democracy at all - czar, nobility, & Orthodox Church dominated
- Unions & strikes illegal
- “Top-Down” Industrialization - led by czar & state
- “Heavy Industry” (railroads, steel, coal, etc) was emphasized
- Same industrial abuses as seen elsewhere but since industrial workers had no legal resources, they quickly became radicalized
What was a result of Russia losing the Russo-Japanese War in 1905?
- Protests which resulted in the creation of workers’ council called “soviet”
- Protests were crushed but czar agrees to the legalization of unions and to the creation of the weak Parliament (Duma)
- The modest reforms failed to satisfy the radical workers, and dissatisfaction grows
What enabled the the Bolshevik Party to stage a successful communist revolution in 1917?
Russia’s defeats in World War I
Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917 during the communist revolution?
Vladimir Llych Ulyanov AKA Lenin
What were the 4 main effects of the Revolution in Russia?
- The czar & the Royal family are killed
- Many Russian nobles are killed or exiled
- The Bolsheviks seize control of industrial resources
- USSR is ruled as a dictatorship
What are some examples of industrial resources that the Bolsheviks seized control of?
- Factories
- Railroads
- etc
In what ways was USSR ruled as a dictatorship?
- Communist Party has all political authority
- No freedom of speech/press
- Religion suppressed - Orthodox Churches closed
Which types of industry grow rapidly in the US?
Both “heavy industry” and consumer goods
What were the causes of the US rapid industrialization?
- Available land & resources ( removing indigenous groups to “reservations”)
- Influx of European immigrants seeking opportunity
- Pro-business government (laissez fair: low taxes & few regulations)
What were some effects of the rapid industrialization in the US?
-“Consumer Culture” develops
- Self-made industrialists idolized
What are some examples of “Consumer Culture” in the US in the 19th & 20th century?
Sears Roebuck & Montgomery Ward stores/catalogs
What are some examples of US self-made industrialists in the 19th & 20th century?
-Henry Ford
- Andrew Carnegie
- John D. Rockefeller
What was some opposition to industry in the U.S?
- Same problems for the working-class like growth inequality, unsafe living & working conditions, & Union protests
- Populist & Progressive political movements in the US sought limit the power of wealthy elites & better the lives of the workers
How did populist & progressive political movements in the US seek to limit the power of the wealthy elites & improve the lives of workers?
- Minumum wage laws
- Breaking up large monopolies
- Improving factory conditions
Why was there no socialism in the US?
-Labor unions like the American Federation of Labor organized skilled “middle-class” workers, who were less radical than unskilled workers
- Racial diversity prevented unity among workers
- High standards of living
What factors served to release pressure which would of otherwise erupted in a revolution in US & Great Britain during the 19th & 20th century?
- Democracy
- Leagalized unions
- Cheap consumer goods
What was Latin America like after independence from Spain/Portugal?
- Simón Bolivar wanted a unified country; got almost 20 countries instead
- Most power was held by white creoles (minority population)
- Women & most non-whites were economically suppressed & denied democratic rights
- Race & class divisions led to autortorian rule by caudillos
What were caudillos?
Military strongmen & business leaders
What was the economy of Latin America dependent on in the 19th & early 20th century?
-Economy dependent on the export of luxury goods & industrial raw materials to Europe & US
What were examples of raw & luxury goods exported by Latin America in the 19th century?
Tin, copper, petroleum, beef, bananas, coffee, rubber, etc
Which social classes in Latin America benefitted to the American and Europwan economic boom & which ones remained poor?
- Creole white elites who owned the mines & farms benefitted
- Most people (esp of color) remained poor
Why did unions and strikes have very little success in Latin America in the 19th century?
- Brutal repression by caudillos
- Difficult to unify various races & classes
What was the US impact in Latin America in the 19th century?
- US made some modest foreign investments in Latin America
- But foreign investment = foreign control
- Pro-business government in the US engaged in frequent military interventions to protect US businesses in Latin America
- US offered “Dependent Development”
What are examples of groups the US supported in the 19th century?
- US supported many caudillos & “banana republics”
- Panama Canal & United Fruit Company
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Trade In Afro-Eurasia29
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European Overseas Empires49
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade12
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Resistance To Europeans12
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Pre-Modern Eurasian States39
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Changes In Religions (1450-1750)23
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Science & Enlightenment16
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The Atlantic Revolutions26
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Echos Of Revolution (1750-1900)17
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“Industry Begins” (1750-1900)37
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Comparing Industrialization30
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Imperialism In The 1800s48
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Asia In The Age Of Imperialism64
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The Great War & Great Depression36
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WW2 & Aftermath19
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Communism In The USSR & China49
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The Cold War (1945-1989)43
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The End Of Empires56
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Global Society 1945-Present75
