1
Q
Types of piling
A
- Driven
- Bored
(Friction & End Bearing), - Contiguous & Secant piles
- Sheet
2
Q
Driven piling
A
- Piles are pre-cast (typically concrete) and are hammered into the ground.
- Pros; Pre-formed so are good quality. No excavation required.
- Cons; Vibration and noise with bigger machinery (than bored) required so may not be suitable for dense, city-centre sites.
3
Q
Bored piling
A
- Bored piling is where the earth is removed,
- formwork is placed
- concrete replaces the void to form the pile.
- Pros; No vibration as the spoil is removed rather than displaced.
- Cons; Excavated material needs to be removed.
- Formwork is required.
4
Q
Contiguous piling
A
- Piles are closely placed to form a retaining wall or basement. S
- Secant piles are initially placed with male piles that are reinforced then female piles fill the gaps.
- After subsequent completion the piles are sprayed with concrete to form a continuous wall.
- Contiguous piles are used where the ground is strong enough to be supported by the spaced piles (i.e. gaps are left between them).
- Secant piles require typically twice the amount of piles and therefore are more expensive and time consuming to place
5
Q
Basement tanking
A
- Tanked Internally – Applied between the external and internal wall and within the ground floor slab. If penetrated, the inner wall will have to be removed in order to fix the tanking. Water is retained within the external wall.
- Tanked Externally – Applied to the external wall and within the ground floor slab. The tanking can be penetrated when backfilled. This will leak water into the basement; in order to fix the leak excavation will be required to reach the leak.
- Waterproof - Water resistant concrete structure for both external wall and ground floor.
- Drained - The water passes through the external wall into a drained and ventilated cavity which is drained away.
- The basement may use a sump pump to pump the water out of the basement. The pump will be required to run 24/7.
6
Q
Top Down Construction
A
- Permanent retaining walls to perimeter; contiguous or secant piling
- Foundations for columns are formed
- Upper most slab is formed
- Work goes down to bottom
7
Q
Bottom up construction:
A
- Perimeter retaining walls
- Temporary structural support required to retaining walls
- Excavate just below lowest basement level
- Construction works up from the bottom
- Open to elements / programme impact from weather
8
Q
Types of frame
A
- Portal frame,
- steel frame,
- concrete frame,
- load bearing masonry
9
Q
Steel frame
A
- Cladded and floors are often pre-cast concrete slabs.
- Steel frames can’t be adapted on-site and require
- high levels of fire protection.
Not used in warehouse as span is limited - portal frame - Pros; Fast to construct,
- factory quality
- castellated beams for M&E to pass through.
Cons; - Poor fire resistance.
- Long lead times.
- Specialist labour for erection.
10
Q
Concrete frame
A
- In-situ or pre-cast.
- Core/s will be built first (if steel frame).
Pros; Fire resistant,
- good heat and sound properties.
- Adaptable on site and is
- not prone to long lead in times.
Cons;
- Labour intensive (H&S).
- Temporary formwork.
- Quality issues from weather & labour quality.
- Services have to be drilled through
11
Q
Load bearing masonry frame
A
- Traditional form of frame which comprises of
- brick/block cavity walls from the ground floor slab upwards.
- Held together with wall ties and
- filled with insulation in the cavity area.
- Concrete planks or timber beams typically make up the upper floor and this process continues level upon level.
- Typically only up to 3 or 4 stories.
12
Q
Prefabricated structures MMC
A
- Constructed in factories off-site and then are transported to site to be constructed.
- Ideal for repetitive structures such as residential, hotels and offices.
- Concrete cores and foundations need to be built before any pre-fabrication work can commence.
- Pros; Programme gains can be significant (certainty, not subject to weather, less waste),
- quality is good,
- good safety as less people on site.
- Cons; Larger or individual (not square!) buildings make prefabrication difficult as efficiencies cannot be realised due to transportation.
- Offsite production must be perfect or entire process can be undermined (re-building aspect may lose any gains on programme and the process is more expensive than onsite construction).
- Only more economical if programme gains are achieved i.e. reduced financing, site preliminaries, increased certainty of achieving pre-let dates e.g. Student accommodation etc. 2 month delay = remainder of the year revenue is lost
13
Q
Types of MMC
A
- Modular - e.g. Urban Splash entire floor GF - FF - 2F
- Panelised; sections of external wall put together
14
Q
Building regulation
A
- Ensure minimum standards for design and construction within domestic, commercial and industrial buildings.
- Ensure safety of people in and around buildings,
- maximise energy and efficiency and
- facilitate access for disabled people.
- Part A: Structure
- Part B; Fire safety
- Part L; Conservation of fuel
Part A: Structure
2.2 Part B: Fire safety
2.3 Part C: Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture
2.4 Part D: Toxic substances
2.5 Part E: Resistance to the passage of sound
2.6 Part F: Ventilation
2.7 Part G: Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency
2.8 Part H: Drainage and waste disposal
2.9 Part J: Heat producing appliances and Fuel storage system
2.10 Part K: Protection from falling, collision and impact
2.11 Part L: Conservation of fuel and power
2.12 Part M: Access to and use of buildings
2.13 Part N: Glazing - Safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning (withdrawn)
2.14 Part O: Overheating
2.15 Part P: Electrical safety
2.16 Part Q: Security - Dwellings
2.17 Part R: Physical infrastructure for high-speed electronic communication networks
2.18 Part S: Infrastructure for the charging of electric vehicles
2.19 Regulation 7: Materials and workmanship
15
Q
Permeable paving
A
- Allows water to pass through the gaps between the blocks.
- The water goes through the subbase which also slows down the water accessing the ground.
- Pros; Managing runoff
- Decreases the total amount of runoff leaving a site
- Cons; Must be used in conjunction with other SUDs (unable to manage storm runoff volumes).
- Expensive over standard asphalt roads.
- Require frequent maintenance.
16
Q
SUDS
A
- Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems are a drainage system that reduce natural drainage and run-off water, which
- reduce the environmental impact from surface water drainage
- Permeable paving
- Swales
- Green roofs
- Rainwater harvesting
17
Q
Attenuation tanks -
A
- Underground surface water storage tank for when flooding occurs resulting in high amounts of water passing through system to control/ limit the outflow into the mains drainage system
18
Q
Wrexham Building Break down & overview inc cost
A
- Portal frame
- Foundations and type/thickness of slab – Pad foundations 800 deep. - GFS 150 deep
- Superstructure – Steel Frame, Pre-cast dock levellers
- External wall build up - cladding surrounding (inner lining, insulation, external sheets).
- Type of roof – As wall build up inc roof lights
- Nr of dock levellers - 4
- GIA – 40k ft2
- Site density – 40%
- Final account - £60/m2
19
Q
Meole Brace assumptions
A
- Pad and Strip foundations (600 deep) internal walls (utilised structural engineer advice confirming traditional foundations would likely be fine subject to survey)
- Slab thickness 150mm
- Road - all in rate £80/m2
- Services allowance; various
- Protecting yourself/company with assumptions –
20
Q
Typical cost plan exclusions
A
- VAT
- capital allowances
- site acquisition
- finances.
21
Q
Fire fighting lift
A
- Additional protection for use in fire by fire service.
- Required if 18m+ or 10m below vehicle access
22
Q
BREEAM
A
- British Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method
- Assesses performance of new and existing buildings
- Often stipulated as a planning condition
- e.g. Energy, Materials, Innovation, water
30= pass
45 = good
55 = very good
70 = excellent
85+ = outstanding
23
Q
SAP Assessment
A
- Standard assessment procedure
- Calculates the annual energy costs and CO2 emissions.
- Informs the EPC
24
Q
SBEM
A
- Simplified Building Energy Model (non-domestic buildings)
- Calculates monthly energy use and CO2 emissions
- Design stage assessment before construction starts and then an as-built assessment
- To demonstrate compliance with Part L of the Building Regulations
- To produce Energy Performance Certificates (EPC)
25
Section Agreements
- 278 – Works to existing highways (Winnington junction)
- 38 – Adoption of highways (housing estate)
- 106 – Schools, public open space – CIL is prevailing
- CIL - £/m2 Local Authority levy
- 80 – Demolition notice – works over 50m3 – submitted 6 months prior
26
O&M Manuel
- Requirements defined in prelims
- details of building (frame, cladding, roof)
- M&E
- Warranties
- Building Control
- Required for end building user to understand building fully
27
Ground bearing slab
- Concrete laid onto ground
- Compacted hardcore,
- blinding sand,
- damp proof membrane,
- insulation,
- concrete slab,
- screed,
- finishing material (if required)
28
Beam and block slab
- Pre-cast concrete beams with concrete blocks laid between them.
- Suspended. - ground gas
- Area below the floor needs to be ventilated.
- Damp proof membrane,
- insulation and
- screed
29
Suspended pre-cast
- Similar theory to beam and block with large pre-cast concrete panels
- In contrast used on larger than housing e.g. apartment blocks
30
Kings Tower Basement
- Basement excavation; 5m deep £10/m3 - £20k
- E/O above for disposal of excavated material £25/m3 £50k
- Temp propping £25k
- Basement slab; reinforced concrete ground bearing slab; 2,000mm thick; 125kg/m3 reinforcement £639/m2 - £230k
- Embedded basement retaining wall; contiguous piled; 750mm dia piles at 1,050mm centres; 14m deep £200m £200k
31
Oxford Apartments - MMC -Why not suitable?
- Good quality
- Programme gain (6 weeks)
- Tight site - potential challenges with cranes & deliveries
- Build only 12 apartment so lacked economies of scale - cost and time
- Any delays would negate programme gains given it would be more expensive
- Contractors Proposal required a planning amendment - deemed to be uncompliant
32
RIBA Stages
- SPCST
- 0 Strategic - Identify Client requirements, feasibility (budget and risks) Cost Model (£/m2)
- 1 Preparation - Project brief & outcomes, quality aspirations, further feasibility, site info and surveys, programme, project execution plan
Order of Cost Estimate
- 2 Concept - Arch concept design, outline specification
Formal Cost Plan 1
- 3 Spatial - Developed design and costing
Formal Cost Plan 2
- 4 Technical - Developed arc, eng, civil design, building systems
PTE
- 5 Construction
- 6 Handover
- 7 In Use
33
Wrexham Building Breakdown inc Cost £/m2
- Portal frame, ground bearing slab, pre cast dock levellers with cladding surrounding (inner lining, insulation, external sheets), office curtain wall
- Syphonic drainage
- Foundations and type/thickness of slab –
Pad foundations typically 800 deep. GFS 175 deep
- Superstructure – Steel Frame, Pre-cast dock levellers
- External wall build up - cladding surrounding (inner lining, insulation, external sheets).
- Type of roof – As wall
- Nr of dock levellers - 4
- GIA – 40k ft2
- Site density – 40%
- Final account - £53/m2 £2.1m
34
NRM 1 Build up of ground floor slab
- Ground bearing slab: concrete laid onto ground
- Excavate & dispose
- Compacted hardcore,
- blinding sand,
- damp proof membrane,
- insulation,
- concrete slab,
35
MMC Pros Cons
- Prefabricated structures MMC
- Constructed in factories off-site and then are transported to site to be constructed.
- Ideal for repetitive structures such as residential, hotels and offices.
- Concrete cores and foundations need to be built before any pre-fabrication work can commence.
- Pros; Programme gains can be significant (certainty, not subject to weather, less waste),
- quality is good,
- good safety as less people on site.
- Cons; Larger or individual (not square!) buildings make prefabrication difficult as efficiencies cannot be realised due to transportation.
- Offsite production must be perfect or entire process can be undermined (re-building aspect may lose any gains on programme and the process is more expensive than onsite construction).
- Only more economical if programme gains are achieved i.e. reduced financing, site preliminaries, increased certainty of achieving pre-let dates - e.g. Student accommodation etc. 2 month delay = remainder of the year revenue is lost
36
When completing an Order of Cost Estimate for the scheme I had to assume key elements such as the foundation solution and the external walls in order to provide cost advice to the Client.
Stage 1 not 2
- Checked with Structural Engineer likely foundation solution; deemed pad and strip acceptable (no piling requirement subject to Phase 2 intrusive ground investigation)
- 600 wide 1000 deep £150m
- Composite (insulation) cladding panels £200m2
- RIBA Stage 1
37
From the limited information available I identified that the proposed building was slightly sloping and therefore I deemed it appropriate to make an allowance for works that would likely be required to make the finished floor level.
- Blockwork retaining wall
- inc foundation 900 deep
- £190m
38
Originally blockwork walls were specified for the separation of the units contained within the same block however some prospective tenants were requesting to let multiple adjacent units. I identified that it would better suit the project requirements if the walls were changed from blockwork to whitewalls, identifying the associated costs
- Whitewall quick to install as well as demount
- Circa 15% more expensive
- Easier & cheaper to take down compared to blockwork. Better long term solution
- Size per division 20m length by 9m height
- £18k per division, £100m2 (Blockwork £85m2)
39
Wrexham Attenuation Tanks
- Excavate
- Dispose
- Hardcore base
- Liner
- Egg crates
- Backfill
40
Wrexham External Walls
- External wall build up -
- cladding surrounding
- inner lining,
- insulation,
- external sheets
41
At the feasibility stage of the project the Client wished to relocate the plant room that was currently located on the first floor into a proposed basement however there was no design available for this. By liaising with the Structural Engineer, I was able to confirm the likely scope of works that would be required to create the basement which enabled me to quantify the works
- Embedded basement retaining wall; contiguous piled; 750mm dia piles at 1,050mm centres; 14m deep £200m £200k
- Basement excavation; 5m deep £10/m3 - £20k
- E/O above for disposal of excavated material £25/m3 £50k
- Temp propping £25k
- Basement slab; reinforced concrete ground bearing slab; 2,000mm thick; 125kg/m3 reinforcement £639/m2 - £230k
- Circa Total £550k
42
Shrewsbury, Retail Park
At the feasibility stage of the project the Client asked about the implications of constructing the retail units with blockwork compared to using a steel frame. I advised the Client on the implications of each option to help in deciding which approach to take.
- Blockwork - slow to install, limited span width (spine walls would be required to support floor above - no flexibility in larger gf unit), less design flexibility (less glazing)
- Steelwork - fast to construct, greater span width, glazing/curtain wall options
43
Oxford, Residential Apartments
At the feasibility stage of the project the Client was considering whether to adopt Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) rather than adopting a Traditional approach. I advised the Client on the benefits and the issues of the use of MMC
- Pros; Programme gains can be significant (certainty, not subject to weather, less waste),
- quality is good,
- good safety as less people on site.
- Cons; Larger or individual (not square!) buildings make prefabrication difficult as efficiencies cannot be realised due to transportation.
- Offsite production must be perfect or entire process can be undermined (re-building aspect may lose any gains on programme and the process is more expensive than onsite construction).
- Only more economical if programme gains are achieved i.e. reduced financing, site preliminaries, increased certainty of achieving pre-let dates e.g. Student accommodation etc. 2 month delay = remainder of the year revenue is lost
44
Oxford Resi - Nature of stie
- Small & Constrained
- Large deliveries & cranes might be limited so benefits of MMC might not be able to be realised
APC Final Revision
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
-
Tendering ARCHIVE21
-
Quantification & Costing30
-
Con Tech44
-
Project Financial Control29
-
Design Economics & Cost Planning36
-
Procurement & Tendering52
-
Contract Practice76
-
Contract Administration34
-
Ethics77
-
Communication & Negotiation6
-
Client Care15
-
Health & Safety15
-
Accounting Principles18
-
Business Planning16
-
Conflict Avoidance11
-
Data Management12
-
Sustainability17
-
Diversity, Inclusion & Teamworking16
-
Inclusive Environments11
-
Due Diligence17
-
Case Study - See other deck0
-
Legislation & Key Acronyms34
