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Concrete Flashcards

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1
Q

Term

A

Definition

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2
Q

The standard timeframe after which concrete is considered fully cured for testing purposes.

A

28 days

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3
Q

Aggregate Sizing

A

Rule of thumb: coarse aggregate should be max ¾ the space between rebar, and max ⅓ the depth of the slab.

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4
Q

Pervious Concrete

A

Porous concrete formulated with coarse aggregate all of the same size and very little fine aggregate to allow water drainage.

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5
Q

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

A

Concrete using lighter aggregates for reduced weight (e.g., on roofs) and greater thermal resistance.

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6
Q

Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

A

Concrete using expanded shale popcorn; as strong as regular concrete but 25% lighter.

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7
Q

Non-Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

A

Insulation concrete using vermiculite/perlite and air entraining; 80% lighter.

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8
Q

Vermiculite

A

Expanded mica used as aggregate in non-structural lightweight concrete.

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9
Q

Perlite

A

Volcanic rock used as aggregate in non-structural lightweight concrete.

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10
Q

Typical Strength of Concrete

A

Generally around 3,000 to 4,000 PSI.

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11
Q

Ultra High Strength Concrete

A

Concrete reaching up to 30K PSI using special chemistry and steel macro fibers; has some tensile strength.

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12
Q

Admixtures

A

Chemicals added to concrete mix to alter its properties, ex:

Workability agents
Air entraining agents
Water reducing
Superplasticizers: organic, increase workability (meaning can be dryer but still workable
Accelerating
Retarding
Shrinkage-reducing
Corrosion inhibitors: reduce rust of rebar
Freeze protection
Extended set-control: delays curing
Coloring

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13
Q

Air-Entrained Concrete

A

Has greater resistance to freeze-thaw damage, scaling from deicing salts, and improves workability, though it can slightly reduce compressive strength.

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14
Q

Cylinder Strength

A

The compressive strength of a concrete sample tested in a lab after 28 days.

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15
Q

Core (Concrete sample)

A

A physical sample drilled from the in-situ concrete at the site if the initial cylinder test fails.

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16
Q

Slump Test

A

A field test checking the consistency, wetness, and workability of wet concrete.

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17
Q

Formwork Ties

A

Metal devices holding opposing formwork panels together against the outward hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete.

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18
Q

Walers

A

Horizontal structural beams bracing the outside of formwork to anchor the formwork ties.

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19
Q

ICF-Insulating Formwork

A

Permanent styrofoam blocks acting as formwork and leaving integral insulation behind; poured in short lifts.

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20
Q

Chamfer Strips

A

Small triangular inserts placed in formwork corners to create a beveled edge, as sharp 90-degree concrete edges easily chip.

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21
Q

Shores

A

Adjustable temporary columns left in place to support concrete beams and slabs after formwork is removed but before full curing.

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22
Q

Lift Slab System

A

Reusable formwork system where floor slabs are cast on the ground, then jacked up and welded to columns.

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23
Q

Flying Formwork

A

Large prefabricated formwork tables that are pulled out of a building and lifted by crane to the next floor to be reused.

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24
Q

Slip Formwork

A

Formwork that continuously slides upward as concrete is poured, used for tall continuous walls or cores.

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25
Bottom Bars
Rebar located at the bottom of a spanning beam to do the heavy lifting of resisting tension forces at midspan.
26
Top Bars
Rebar located at the top of a beam over its supports (columns) to resist negative bending/tension.
27
Stirrups
Vertical or U-shaped rebar wrapped around main longitudinal bars near beam supports to resist diagonal shear forces.
28
Rebar Measurements
Denoted in eighths of an inch (e.g., #8 rebar is 8/8 or 1 inch in diameter).
29
Rebar Labeling
Stamped markers indicating the producing mill, bar size number, and the type of steel.
30
Rebar Grading
Based on yield strength in KSI; Grade 60 (60,000 PSI) is most common.
31
Salt Corrosion
Rusting of rebar in coastal or roadway environments; mitigated by using galvanized, stainless, or epoxy-coated rebar.
32
Welded-Wire Reinforcing (WWR)
A pre-attached grid of wire (sold in rolls or mats) used in slabs to resist tension/shrinkage in two directions.
33
Splicing
Joining two lengths of rebar by overlapping them, typically by 30 bar diameters.
34
Reinforcing Bar Couplers
Mechanical connectors linking rebar end-to-end where space is too tight for overlapping splices (common in heavily reinforced columns).
35
Chairs
Small metal or plastic supports used to hold rebar at the correct height within the formwork during pouring.
36
Bolster
A continuous row of linked chairs used to support rebar in slabs.
37
Shrinkage Temperature Steel
Light reinforcement running perpendicular to the main spanning reinforcement in a one-way slab to control shrinkage cracking.
38
Column Ties
Horizontal hoops of rebar in columns holding the vertical bars in place to prevent outward buckling under compression.
39
Microfibers
Tiny fibers of steel or plastic added to concrete mix to reduce shrinkage cracking, though they add no structural strength.
40
Macrofibers
Larger structural fibers added to concrete mix that can sometimes replace shrinkage temperature steel entirely.
41
Concrete Creep
The slow, permanent deformation (squishing down) of concrete under continuous dead loads over many years.
42
Prestressing
Squeezing concrete in compression using highly tensioned steel cables, vastly increasing its resistance to downward bending forces.
43
Pretensioning
A prestressing method where cables are tensioned before concrete is poured (typical in off-site precast plants).
44
Posttensioning
A prestressing method where cables inside sleeves are tensioned after the concrete is poured and cured (typical in cast-in-place).
45
Isolation Joints (Slab on Grade)
Joints completely separating a slab on grade from primary building walls or columns so they can move/settle independently.
46
Screed
A straightedge pulled across freshly poured concrete formwork to strike off excess and achieve a level surface.
47
Darby / Bull Float
Large flat tools used immediately after screeding to smooth and level the surface of wet concrete.
48
Control Joints / Contraction Joints
Intentional grooves cut at least ⅓ depth into a slab to force unavoidable shrinkage cracking to occur in a neat, hidden line.
49
Isolation Joints / Expansion Joint
Gaps extending completely through concrete structures (often filled with compressible material) allowing independent structural movement.
50
Movement Joints
Joints in very large buildings separating masses so they can move, expand, or contract independently during seismic or thermal events.
51
Key (in concrete footer)
A groove or recess formed in a concrete footer that the poured concrete wall locks into to prevent sliding.
52
Dowels (in concrete footer)
Short steel rebar members cast into a footer that extend upward to structurally tie into the subsequent concrete wall pour.
53
One-Way Solid Slab
A continuous concrete slab spanning in one direction across parallel beams, which in turn span across girders.
54
One-Way Solid Slab with Joist Bands
A one-way system with wider, shallower girders, reducing intermediate beams and overall structural depth.
55
One-Way Joist System (Ribbed Slab)
A system for longer spans using a slab cast monolithically with narrow, closely spaced joist bands.
56
Distribution Rib
An intermediate stiffening rib running perpendicular to the joists in a ribbed slab to distribute loads.
57
Wide Module Slab
Similar to a one-way ribbed slab, but with joists spaced further apart, reducing the number of joist bands by half.
58
Two Way Solid Slab
A monolithic slab spanning in two directions between beams on all four sides of roughly square bays.
59
Two Way Flat Slab
A heavy-duty, beam-less floor system using thickened "drop panels" at the columns to resist high shear/lateral loads.
60
Two Way Flat Plate
The simplest concrete floor system with a uniform thickness slab resting directly on columns; used for lightly loaded multi-family buildings.
61
Two Way Joist System (Waffle Slab)
The most expensive, longest-spanning concrete floor system; cast over reusable square domes, leaving solid "heads" over the columns.
62
Concrete Beam Typical Width to Depth Relationship
Beams are typically proportioned 1:2 or 1:3 (width to depth).
63
Concrete Slab Depth
Rules of thumb: 1-way slab depth is ~1/22 the span 2-way plate is ~1/30 the span (can be halved if post-tensioned).
64
Concrete Beam Depth
Rule of thumb: ~1/16 the span.
65
Concrete Girder Depth
Rule of thumb: ~1/12 the span.
66
Shotcrete
Concrete sprayed pneumatically onto surfaces; requires almost no traditional formwork.
67
Architectural Concrete
Concrete left permanently exposed and visible as an aesthetic finish (e.g., board formed, exposed aggregate).
68
Self-Consolidating Concrete
Very fluid concrete that fills formwork perfectly for crisp edges without vibration; puts extreme hydrostatic pressure on forms.
69
Fly Ash Concrete
Concrete using a coal combustion byproduct to replace up to half the cement; lowers CO2, makes denser, less permeable concrete that shrinks less.
70
Casting Beds
Massive, football-field-length platforms in precast plants where multiple elements are cast and pretensioned end-to-end.
71
Hollow Core Slabs
Efficient precast slabs featuring continuous tubular voids to reduce weight and allow longer spans.
72
Double T
A very efficient precast concrete shape spanning long distances, looking like two Ts side-by-side; typically 8' or 10' wide.
73
Topping Slab
A thin layer of concrete poured over precast floor elements (like Double Ts) to create a continuous, unified floor diaphragm.
74
Through Post Tensioned
Joining multiple separate precast concrete elements by stringing cables through them and tensioning them together.
75
Attaching Precast Columns to Foundations
Done via mechanical bolts (column shoes), casting over starter bars with grouted sleeves, or dropping into socket connection pockets.
76
Tilt Up Construction
Casting concrete walls flat on the ground slab, then craning them upright; requires extra rebar to survive the lifting stresses.
77
Lifting Ring
Hardware cast into a tilt-up concrete wall serving as the attachment point for the crane cables.
78
Non-Slip Finish
A textured concrete surface created by brooming, circular troweling, sprinkling powder, abrasive strips, or saw-cut grooves.
79
Type I Cement
Normal portland cement.
80
Type II Cement
Portland cement with moderate resistance to sulfates.
81
Type III Cement
Portland cement providing high early strength.
82
Type IV Cement
Portland cement producing low heat of hydration.
83
Type V Cement
Portland cement providing high resistance to sulfates.
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