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Masonry Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cement types are used in mortar?

A

I, II, III

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2
Q

What does an A mean in a cement type (ex: Type IA)?

A

Air-Entrained

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3
Q

Cement Lime Mortars

A

Mortar made from cement, lime (for workability), precisely sized sand, and water. Types, in order of strength:
M (most severe frost and high loads)
S (structural: exterior reinforced masonry, veneer subject to high winds)
N (normal: interior load-bearing) good balance of strength and workability)
O (old buildings, interior and non-loadbearing)
K (kancelled: very low strength, not used anymore)

(Remember: MaSoNwOrK)

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4
Q

Grout

A

A highly fluid form of concrete used to fill the cavities and voids within masonry walls (not for stacking bricks).

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5
Q

Blended Hydraulic Cement

A

Cement blended with materials like slag, fly ash, etc.

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6
Q

Masonry Cements

A

Prepackaged cement blends for mortar, containing air-entraining agents; highly workable but structurally weaker than cement-lime mortars.

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7
Q

Efflorescence

A

Salt deposit that forms on masonry walls, caused by water collecting minerals as it’s sucked into a building through masonry and deposited on its way back out. Can be mitigated with properly placed weep holes and flashing.

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8
Q

Fly Ash Brick

A

Brick containing fly ash; steam cured instead of fired, resulting in less embodied energy for the same strength and appearance.

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9
Q

Stiff Mud Brick

A

Brick made from mud at ~15% water, run through a vacuum to remove air pockets, then pushed through an extruder and cut by automated wire. Produces a very consistent product.

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10
Q

Water Struck Brick

A

Brick made from moist clays (~20-30% water) pressed into a mold by hand or machine. More variation than stiff mud; still used for custom bricks.

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11
Q

Periodic Kiln

A

A brick-firing kiln that is emptied and refilled between firings.

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12
Q

Tunnel Kiln

A

A brick-firing kiln through which bricks continuously move during firing.

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13
Q

Clamp (of Bricks)

A

A historically used bundle of bricks with significant variation in quality — ranging from weather-resistant to severely undercooked.

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14
Q

Mortar Joints

A

The finished profile of mortar between bricks, which affects weather resistance and aesthetics.

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15
Q

Flush Mortar Joint

A

Mortar joint that is level with the brick face; outer portion not sufficiently compressed, vulnerable to freeze/thaw expansion.

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16
Q

Raked Mortar Joint

A

Mortar joint slightly inset from the brick face; water collects on the ledge, bad for freeze/thaw.

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17
Q

Stripped Mortar Joint

A

Mortar joint inset even more than raked; water collects on ledge, bad for freeze/thaw.

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18
Q

Concave Mortar Joint

A

Rounded, slightly inset mortar joint; acceptable for outdoor use.

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19
Q

Vee Mortar Joint

A

Sharp angled inset mortar joint; acceptable for outdoor use.

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20
Q

Weathered Mortar Joint

A

Diagonal inset mortar joint sloping out and down; not fully compressed, not ideal outside but not the worst.

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21
Q

Struck Mortar Joint

A

Diagonal inset mortar joint sloping in and down; water collects on ledge, bad for freeze/thaw.

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22
Q

Water Table Brick

A

A sloped or chamfered brick used to protect where a wall projects.

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23
Q

Coping Brick

A

A special brick shape used at the top of a wall.

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24
Q

Jamb Brick

A

A special brick shape used at the sides of door or window openings.

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25
Sill Brick
A special brick shape used at the base of window openings.
26
Angle Brick
A special brick shape used at angled corners.
27
Radial Brick
A special brick shape with curved angles, used for curved walls.
28
Hollow Brick
Brick that is at least 40% solid; used with rebar reinforcement.
29
Solid Brick
Brick that is at least 75% solid.
30
Cored Brick
A solid brick with 3 holes.
31
Frogged Brick
A solid brick with a pez-shaped indentation.
32
Facing Brick
Brick intended for visible surfaces; can be structural or non-structural. Comes in FBA, FBS, and FBX grades.
33
FBA Facing Brick
Facing brick grade with more variation and chippage; less machined look. (Remember A=Anomaly)
34
FBS Facing Brick
Most common facing brick grade; some variation and chippage. (Remember S=Standard)
35
FBX Facing Brick
Facing brick grade that is more uniform in appearance. (Remember X for exacting)
36
Paving Brick
Brick for any horizontal surface; has superior water and freeze/thaw resistance.
37
Fire Brick
Brick designed for high-heat applications; requires special mortar and thinner joints.
38
SW Brick Grade
Most weather-resistant brick grade; can be used underground. Mnemonic: "subterranean" or "snowy-weather."
39
MW Brick Grade
Most weather-resistant brick grade; can be used underground. Mnemonic: "subterranean" or "snowy-weather."
40
NW Brick Grade
Least weather-resistant brick grade; cannot be used outdoors. Mnemonic: "non-weathering."
41
Multi Wythe Wall
A wall made of two or more parallel layers (wythes) of masonry with a gap of ⅜" to 4" between them for a capillary break.
42
Reinforced Masonry Wall
Masonry wall built by constructing one wythe, placing rebar, laying the other wythe, and pouring grout between them.
43
Cleanout Holes
Holes at the bottom of one wythe in reinforced masonry walls, used to remove debris before grouting; filled later.
44
Stretchers (brick)
Bricks laid running lengthwise along the wall face.
45
Headers (brick)
Bricks laid perpendicular to the wall face to tie two wythes together.
46
Low Lift Grouting
Grouting method where grout is poured in 4' increments and allowed to cure before the next section.
47
High Lift Grouting
Grouting method where grout is poured from much higher up in a single pour; requires cleanout holes.
48
Leads
The corners of a brick wall, built first with great care; the rest of the wall is filled in from corner to corner.
49
Corbelling
A technique where each course of masonry overhangs the row below to create angles, projections, or openings. Rule of thumb: can cantilever ½ the height of the course above.
50
Arch Axis
The line representing the curve of an arch.
51
Rise (Arch)
The height of an arch.
52
Skewback (Arch)
The point where an arch contacts the wall.
53
Crown / Extrados (Arch)
The top of an arch.
54
Arch Depth
The thickness of the arch elements.
55
Spring Line (Arch)
The horizontal line at the base of an arch.
56
Soffit / Intrados (Arch)
The inside curve of an arch.
57
Span (Arch)
The width of the opening being spanned by an arch.
58
Abutment (Arch)
The wall that an arch rests into.
59
Centering (Arch)
The temporary formwork used to support a brick arch during construction.
60
Quoins
Hefty bricks or stones at corners and arches; historically used to strengthen corners, now primarily decorative.
61
Granite
Igneous stone; hard, non-porous, suitable for all weather conditions. Can be cut to ⅜" thin. Graded as fine, medium, or coarse grain.
62
Limestone
Sedimentary stone; porous and weak. Can only be cut to 2". Contains quarry sap when wet and cannot be exposed to freezing until dry. Deteriorates with acid.
63
Travertine
A type of limestone.
64
Sandstone
Sedimentary stone high in quartz content; includes brownstone and bluestone. Porous; cannot be polished.
65
Slate
Metamorphic stone derived from clay under high pressure. Has planes of cleavage, making it ideal for thin, flat applications.
66
Marble
Metamorphic stone derived from limestone. Easily carved and polished; can be ⅜" thick. Graded A (most uniform) to D (most faults). Deteriorates in acid.
67
Modulus of Rupture (Stone)
A stone metric measuring the likelihood of the stone peeling away from its anchors.
68
Flexural Strength (Stone)
A stone metric measuring how well the stone will handle wind loads.
69
Lewis Pins
Stone lifting devices inserted into the stone at an angle.
70
Box Lewis
A stone lifting device used to hoist stone during construction.
71
Field Stone
Irregular stone sourced from riverbeds or fields.
72
Rubble
Irregular stone from quarries with at least one exposable face.
73
Dimension Stone
Rectangular stone cut from a quarry; includes cut stone and ashlar.
74
Cut Stone
Large slabs of dimension stone.
75
Ashlar
Small rectangular pieces of dimension stone.
76
Flagstone
Thin flat stone slabs.
77
Stone Masonry
Stone construction method where stones are stacked and set with mortar.
78
Stone Cladding
Stone attached to a building structure with anchors rather than stacked.
79
Pointing Mortar
Mortar used to refill the outer portion of a raked masonry joint after the first ½"-1" is raked out. Must be periodically repointed.
80
Elastomeric Joint Sealer
A flexible joint sealant used in stone masonry as an alternative to pointing mortar.
81
Stone Anchoring
Method of securing stone cladding to a building at seams using various tie types.
82
Concrete Blocks (CMU)
Large hollow concrete masonry units.
83
Concrete Bricks (CMU)
Solid concrete masonry units.
84
Regular Concrete (CMU)
Dense concrete used for standard CMU.
85
Lightweight Concrete (CMU)
Weaker concrete with higher thermal resistance used for CMU.
86
Aerated Concrete (CMU)
CMU concrete category with the highest thermal resistance but lowest strength.
87
CMU Standard Size
8x8x16 nominal (actual dimensions are ⅜" less in each dimension); designed to be handled by one person with two hands.
88
CMU Mortar Application
Only the face shells of CMU are mortared, not the web, creating two planes of mortar (interior and exterior faces).
89
Split Face Block
Decorative CMU cast as a double unit and then split to create a decorative face.
90
Slump Block
Decorative CMU removed from its mold before fully cured so that it slumps into a softer appearance.
91
Dry Stacked Masonry
Masonry stacked without mortar, leveled with small shims, then covered with a thick cement plaster containing microreinforcing.
92
Structural Glazed Facing Tiles
Glazed CMU units used for finished wall surfaces.
93
Glass Block
A masonry unit requiring temporary spacers during installation because the units don't absorb moisture from mortar, causing mortar to take longer to dry.
94
Clay Tile (Roofing)
Roofing tile made of clay that overlaps to shed water.
95
Gabion Walls
Walls made of stone contained within wire cages.
96
Weep Holes
Openings placed anywhere an element spans across a masonry cavity to allow water drainage; typically located at intermediate floors, above windows, and at the foundation.
97
Lintels (CMU)
Horizontal supports over CMU openings; can be bond beams, steel lintels, or precast concrete lintels.
98
Bond Beam Lintel
U-shaped CMU blocks filled with rebar and grout to form a lintel.
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