1
Q
Classic timing criterion to distinguish an intracardiac (PFO/ASD) vs. extracardiac shunt on a TTE bubble study
A
Within 3 cardiac cycles of right heart opacification
2
Q
Classic timing criterion to distinguish an Extracardiac (Pulmonary Shunt/PAVM) vs. intracardiac shunt on a TTE bubble study
A
after 3–5 cardiac cycles
3
Q
Number of bubbles that define a high-risk PFO for stroke recurrence
A
> 20–30 bubbles in the LA
4
Q
Atrial Septal Aneurysm definition
A
Septal excursion 10 mm from the midline
5
Q
Mechanism of Valsalva maneuver for PFO evaluation
A
- increases intrathoracic pressure,
- which raises right atrial pressure
- concurrently reducing venous return to the heart
6
Q
A
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