Describe the production place of bilabial sounds and name them
with both lips
/p/
/b/
/m/
Describe the production place of labiodental sounds and name them
movement of the lower lip against the upper teeth
/f/ as in film
/v/ as in video
Describe the production place of dental (or interdental) sounds and name them
tongue tip and rims between the upper and lower teeth or against the upper teeth
/ð/ as in this
/θ/ as in thin
Describe the production place of alveolar sounds and name them
with the tongue tip coming near or touching the bony ridge behind the upper teeth
/t/
/d/
/s/ as in snake
/z/ as in zebra
/n/
/l/
Describe the production place of postalveolar sounds and name them
tongue tip approaching or touching the rear of the alveolar ridge or the area behind it
/r/
((How are retroflex sounds produced and name them))not RP
((With the tip of the tongue curled back to approach or make contact with the front part of the roof of the mouth, called the hard palate, just behind the alveolar ridge
/ɻ/ in Irish, American and south-west English ))not RP
Describe the production place of palatoalveolar sounds and name them
With the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge, and with a simultaneous raising of the blade of the tongue towards the hard palate
/ʈʃ/ as in cheese
/ʃ/ as in sherry
/dʒ/ as in gin
/ʒ/ as in measure
How are palatal sounds produced and name them
When the body of the tongue comes near or touches the (hard) palate
/j/ as in yes
How are velar sounds produced and name them
Placing the back of the tongue against or near the velum, or soft palate
/k/
/g/
/ŋ/ as in England, King
/w/ as in Wales
How are glottal sounds produced and name them
In the larynx when air passes through the glottis
/h/
/ʔ/ (glottal stop) bo eh o wa er, but that’s not an English phoneme
Describe the manner of plosives (or stops) and name them
complete closure at some point in the vocal tract, builds up the air pressure while the closure is held, and then releases the air explosively through the mouth
/p/
/t/
/k/
/b/
/d/
/g/
(+ glottal stop, which is not an English phoneme)
Describe the manner of affricates and name them
Two elements. complete closure in the vocal tract, but the air is released slowly enough to produce friction, which we hear as a hissing s-like sound
/ʈʃ/ as in cheese
/dʒ/ as in gin
Describe the manner of nasals and name them
closure in vocal tract, velum (soft palate) is lowered, so that air escapes through the nose
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/ as in king
Describe the manner of flaps (or taps) and name them
(Not rp) Single flap by one articulator against another
the /ɾ/ in my alright
Describe the manner of fricatives and name them
when air forces its way through a very narrow gap between two speech organs→ audible friction
/f/ as in film
/v/ as in video
/ð/ as in this
/θ/ as in thin
/s/
/z/
/ʃ/ as in sherry
/ʒ/ as in measure
/h/
Describe the manner of laterals and name them
made with air that escapes around the sides of a particular closure of the speech organs
/l/
Describe the manner of approximants and name them
generally made with a wider gap between the speech organs compared to fricatives. They approach each other, but they do not touch each other
/r/ as in red
/j/ as in yes
/w/ as in Wales
