Logical Fallacy
An error in reasoning that weakens or invalidates an argument.
Formal Fallacy
A flaw in an argument’s logical structure that makes it invalid regardless of content.
Informal Fallacy
A flaw in reasoning based on relevance, assumptions, or rhetoric rather than structure.
Ad Hominem
Attacking the person making an argument instead of the argument itself.
Straw Man
Misrepresenting an opponent’s argument to make it easier to attack.
False Dilemma
Presenting only two options when more valid alternatives exist.
Slippery Slope
Claiming one action will inevitably lead to extreme outcomes without evidence.
Begging the Question
Assuming the truth of the conclusion within the premises of the argument.
Red Herring
Introducing irrelevant information to distract from the real issue.
Appeal to Authority
Claiming something is true because an authority says so without sufficient evidence.
Appeal to Emotion
Persuading by manipulating emotions rather than using logic.
Appeal to Popularity
Arguing something is true because many people believe it.
False Cause
Assuming a causal relationship without adequate justification.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Assuming one event caused another because it happened earlier.
Hasty Generalization
Drawing a broad conclusion from insufficient or unrepresentative data.
