CV Normal A&P

Question 1

What is cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 1

The amount of blood the heart pumps out of the left ventricle each minute

Question 2

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 2

CO = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

Question 3

Why is cardiac output decreased in heart failure?

Answer 3

The left ventricle is weakened and cannot pump effectively

Question 4

What is stroke volume (SV)?

Answer 4

The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per beat

Question 5

How is stroke volume calculated?

Answer 5

SV = End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

Question 6

What is end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

Answer 6

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of relaxation

Question 7

What is end-systolic volume (ESV)?

Answer 7

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction

Question 8

What three factors influence stroke volume?

Answer 8

Preload

Question 9

What is preload?

Answer 9

The stretch of cardiac muscle cells before contraction (related to volume in the ventricle before contraction)

Question 10

How does preload affect stroke volume?

Answer 10

Increased preload increases stroke volume; decreased preload decreases stroke volume

Question 11

What is an example of decreased preload?

Answer 11

Hypovolemia causing reduced ventricular filling

Question 12

What is afterload?

Answer 12

The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood

Question 13

What primarily determines left ventricular afterload?

Answer 13

Aortic blood pressure

Question 14

How does increased afterload affect stroke volume?

Answer 14

It decreases stroke volume unless compensated

Question 15

What is an example of increased afterload?

Answer 15

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Question 16

What is contractility?

Answer 16

The force of heart muscle contraction

Question 17

What determines contractility?

Answer 17

The amount of free calcium in myocardial cells

Question 18

How does increased contractility affect stroke volume?

Answer 18

It increases stroke volume

Question 19

What is the Frank-Starling Law?

Answer 19

Increased muscle fiber stretch leads to increased force of contraction

Question 20

What is another name for the Frank-Starling Law?

Answer 20

Length-tension relationship

Question 21

What does the Frank-Starling Law describe?

Answer 21

The heart’s ability to adjust force of contraction based on venous return

Question 22

What are the three fluid compartments in capillary exchange?

Answer 22

Intracellular

Question 23

Where is intracellular fluid located?

Answer 23

Inside the cells

Question 24

Where is interstitial fluid located?

Answer 24

Surrounding the cells

Question 25

Where is extracellular fluid located?

Answer 25

Inside the capillaries

Question 26

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 26

A force that pushes fluid out of capillaries (water-pushing pressure)

Question 27

What is oncotic (osmotic) pressure?

Answer 27

A force that pulls fluid into capillaries (water-pulling pressure)

Question 28

How do hydrostatic and oncotic pressure interact?

Answer 28

They oppose each other and try to maintain fluid balance

Question 29

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 29

Right atrium

Question 30

What are the four heart valves?

Answer 30

Tricuspid

Question 31

What is the path of blood through the heart?

Answer 31

Vena cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 32

What does the right atrium do?

Answer 32

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Question 33

What does the right ventricle do?

Answer 33

Pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

Question 34

What does the left atrium do?

Answer 34

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Question 35

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 35

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

Question 36

What are backward effects of left ventricular failure (LVF)?

Answer 36

Fluid buildup in lungs due to increased hydrostatic pressure (pulmonary edema)

Question 37

What causes pulmonary edema in LVF?

Answer 37

Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary vessels

Question 38

What are symptoms of pulmonary edema?

Answer 38

Dyspnea

Question 39

What are crackles in pulmonary edema?

Answer 39

Sounds from alveoli opening/closing against fluid

Question 40

What type of crackles occur in mild pulmonary edema?

Answer 40

Fine crackles

Question 41

What type of crackles occur in severe pulmonary edema?

Answer 41

Coarse

Question 42

What sputum may be seen in severe pulmonary edema?

Answer 42

Pink

Question 43

What are forward effects of LVF?

Answer 43

Decreased perfusion to organs due to reduced cardiac output

Question 44

What systems are activated in forward LVF?

Answer 44

RAAS

Question 45

What triggers RAAS activation?

Answer 45

Decreased kidney perfusion

Question 46

What does renin do?

Answer 46

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 47

What does angiotensin II do?

Answer 47

Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release

Question 48

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 48

Increases sodium and water reabsorption

Question 49

What is the effect of RAAS activation?

Answer 49

Increased blood volume and blood pressure

Question 50

What triggers sympathetic nervous system activation in LVF?

Answer 50

Low blood pressure sensed by baroreceptors

Question 51

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the heart?

Answer 51

Increases heart rate

Question 52

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to blood vessels?

Answer 52

Causes vasoconstriction

Question 53

What does ADH do?

Answer 53

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 54

What is the result of ADH release?

Answer 54

Increased blood volume