Biology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Active site

A

A specific shaped part of an enzyme where the substrate fits

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2
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of molecules form an area of low conc to an area of high which requires energy

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

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4
Q

Anabolic enzyme

A

An enzyme that takes small molecules and joins them together

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5
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration with limited oxygen

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6
Q

Catabolic enzyme

A

An enzyme which takes large molecules and joins them together

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7
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid layer of cells found only in plants

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8
Q

Chlorophyll

A

pigment found in plants which gives the plant its green colour

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

cristae

A

part of mitochondria (the folds) where the electron transfer chain occurs

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11
Q

Denature

A

The changing in the shape of an active site of an enzyme

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12
Q

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

A

name of DNA

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low conc

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14
Q

DNA replication

A

The copying of DNA before the cell divides

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15
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts which speed up biochemical reactions in an organism

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16
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

A form of passive transport where molecules move across the cell membrane through the membrane proteins

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17
Q

Flaccid

A

A cell that is limp

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18
Q

G1 of cell cycle

A

The stage where the cell grows and does its purpose

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19
Q

G2 of cell cycle

A

The stage where the replicated chromosome is checked for mistakes

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20
Q

Golgi body

A

Part of a cell where proteins are modified and packaged

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21
Q

Grana

A

Part of chloroplast where the light stage occurs

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22
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution with a high conc of solute therefore a low conc of water

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23
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution with a low conc of solute therefore a high conc of water

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24
Q
A
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25
Induced fit model
The enzzyme model where the enzyme changes it's shape slightly to bond with the substrate
26
Inhibitors
Poisons that bind to the active site of enzymes and stop them working
27
Isotonic solution
A solution which has the same solute conc as another solution
28
Lock and Key model
The model of an enzyme where the enzyme doesnt change shape to fit into the substrate and they are both the perfect shape for each other
29
Matrix
Part of the mitochondria where the citric acid cycle occurs
30
Mitochondria
Organelle in cell where respiration occurs
31
Mitosis
The stage of the cell cycle where the replicated chromosome is split into 2 cells
31
Osmosis
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high conc to an area of low conc
32
Palisade layer
Part of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found - photosynthesis occurs here
33
Passive transport
The movement of molecules from a high conc to a low conc - does not require energy
34
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis occurs here
35
S stage in cell cycle
Stage where DNA is replicated
36
37
Semi permable membrane
A membrane that allows some substances to pass through it but not others
38
Semi conservative replication
The name that describes that fact that the new DNA molecule being one new strand and 1 old strand
39
Stroma
Inside chloroplast as jelly like substance that creates shape
40
Allele
An allele is one of two or more different versions of the same gene that are found in the same place on a chromosome.
41
Alelle frequency
Measure of the frequency of an allele in a population
42
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction involving only one parent. no genetic variation
43
Co dominance
Heterozygous individuals have a phenotype that mixes the phenotypes of both parents
44
Complete dominance
A form of dominance in a heterozygous condition that an allele is completely masks dominantly over a recessive allele
45
Crossing over
Occurs during meiosis when the homologous chromosomes line up and tangle, snap and exchange genetic info
46
Diploid
A cell or an organism consisting of two complete sets of chromosomes usually one set from the mother and other from father(all cells except gametes)
47
Evolution
The change of characteristics of a species over several generations relying on process of natural selection
48
Fertilisation
A process in seual reprodcution that involves the meeting of a male ()sperm )and a female (ovum) gametes to produce a diploid zygote
49
Fi
The parental generation the first set of parents crossed. F1 is the first offspring of these
50
Founder affect
Loss of genetic variation occurs when a new population is created by a small number of individuals from a larger population
51
Gamete
Sex cell of an organism
52
Gametic cells
Sex cells with half the chromosome number
53
Gene pool
Refers to a total number of genes of every individual in a population
54
Genetic diversity
Total number of genetic characteristic sin the genetic makeup of a species
54
Genetic drift
Change in frequency of an existing gene variant(allele) in a population due to random chance not natural selection
55
Genotype
Genetic make up of organism
56
Haploid
When a cell has half the usual number of chromosome
57
Heterozygous
A genotype with a dominant and a recessive allele
58
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs that are similar in length and position. The position of the genes on each chromosome is the same but may contain different alleles
59
Homozygous
The same form of allele both dominant or reccessive
60
incomplete dominance
Heterozygous individuals have a phenotype that is a blend of parents
61
Independent assortment
the way the homologous chromosomes line up is random
62
Lethal genes
Alleles that produce a gene products that kills offspring
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Linked genes
Genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
65
Meiosis
the type of cell division which produces gametes
65
Migration
Movement of organisms into and out of a population
65
Natural selection
Process which inheritable traits increase a chance of survival and reproduction therefore favoured
66
Pedigree chart
Diagram that depicts relationships between organisms
67
Phenotype
Physical appearance of organism
68
Population bottle neck
Event that drastically reduces the size of a population cause by various events. therefore decreasing gene pool and gene variants.
68
Pure breeeding
a group individuals that only produce one type of gamete due to the fact they are hmoozygous
69
segregation
the process during meiosis where pairs of alleles are separated when the homologous chromosomes split
70
Selective pressure
meaning that animals dont have the charcteristics to survive and reproduce due to facots liek disease enviroment, predators
71
Somatic cells
Body cells, if a mutation occurs in these cells it will not pass on to the offspring
72
Test cross
Genetic cross between a homozygous recessive and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype of the heterozygote
Biology
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