Demography

Question 1

How has the Changing Position of Women led to a decline in the birth rate?

Answer 1

• More women in employment
• Harper: education has led to women developing a new system

Question 2

What is the evaluation of the Changing Position of Women declining the birth rate?

Answer 2

Radical feminists: women are oppressed and sexually regulated to stay in work

Question 3

How has the decline in the Infant Mortality Rate led to a decline in the birth rate?

Answer 3

• Couples have fewer kids because the ones they do have end up surviving
• Increased sanitation and health (e.g. flush toilets, antenatal clinics)

Question 4

What is the evaluation of the decline in the IMR in relation to the birth rate?

Answer 4

• Brass and Kabir: smaller families occur in urban families with a higher IMR, not rural areas

Question 5

How does children becoming an economic liability explain the declining birth rate?

Answer 5

Raising of school leaving age and child labour bans have stopped kids being an economic asset

Question 6

What is the evaluation of children becoming an economic liability?

Answer 6

Ethnic minorities still have more kids

Question 7

How does Child Centredness explain the declining birth rate?

Answer 7

• More attention and love for fewer kids

Question 8

What is the evaluation of Child Centredness decreasing the birth rate?

Answer 8

• Domestic violence shows not all families are child centred

Question 9

How has Improved Nutrition led to a decrease in the death rate?

Answer 9

• McKeown: it accounts for up to 50% of the decline in death rates
• Resistance + survival chances have increased

Question 10

What is the evaluation of Improved Nutrition leading to a decline in the death rate

Answer 10

• Some deaths still increased as nutrition increased (e,g, measles)

Question 11

How have medical improvements led to a decline in the death rate?

Answer 11

• NHS being introduced in 1948 aided medical knowledge and techniques
• Deaths via heart disease decreased by 33%

Question 12

What is the evaluation of medical improvements leading to a decline in the death rate?

Answer 12

• Deaths had already began to fall before the 1950s

Question 13

How has increased awareness of Smoking and Diets lead to a decline in the death rate?

Answer 13

• Harper: the greatest decrease in the death rate is due to the decline in smoking
• Only 12.9% of adults were smokers in 2022

Question 14

What is the evaluation of the decline in smoking leading to a decline in the death rate?

Answer 14

• Smoking is counteracted by vaping
• 8.7% of adults vaped in 2022

Question 15

How do Public Health Measures lead to a decline in the death rate?

Answer 15

• More effective government action
• Clean Air Acts reduced pollution

Question 16

What is the evaluation of public health measures leading to a decline in death rates?

Answer 16

• Deprived and overcrowded places still exist

Question 17

How is the Strain on Public Services a negative effect of the ageing population?

Answer 17

• Older people rely more on services (75+)
• Extra policies for transport and housing

Question 18

How is Free Childcare a positive effect of the ageing population?

Answer 18

• Older and active members can look after kids
• Saves £210 a week

Question 19

How is an Increase in One Person Households a negative effect of the ageing population?

Answer 19

• Younger couples/bigger families cant afford the houses (homelessness)
• Pensioners living alone = 12.5% of households

Question 20

How is the Grey Pound a positive effect of the ageing population?

Answer 20

• Older people have more money to spend
• Fuels the economy

Question 21

What is the acceleration in global migration?

Answer 21

• The rate is increasing
• 2000 - 2013: international migration has increased 33%

Question 22

What is differentiation in global migration?

Answer 22

• There are different types of migrants
• e.g. temporary workers, students, asylum seekers
• Vertovec: since 1990s, super diversity has developed

Question 23

What is the Feminisation of Migration?

Answer 23

• Ehrenreich and Hocshchild: care, domestic and sex work is done by women
• Because western women are less willing to do domestic work and the state doesn’t provide adequate childcare