what is depression
mood disorder
how long do symptoms of depression need to be present for diagnosis?
two weeks
what are the behavioural characteristics of depression?
shift in activity levels, affected sleep, affected appetite and aggression and self-harm
emotional characteristics of depression
sadness, anger, loss of interest and low self esteem
what are cognitive characteristics of depression?
negative view of the world, irrational thoughts, poor concentration and catastrophising
what does the cognitive approach to explaining depression focus on?
internal mental processes such as thoughts, info processing and perception
according to the cognitive approach, what causes depression?
faulty or irrational though processes and negative schemas
what is faulty information processing?
when individuals process information in irrational, biased or overly negative ways
give examples of faulty information processing
selective attention, catastrophising and overgeneralisation
who developed the negative triad?
Beck
what are the three components of the negative triad?
negative views of the self, world and future
what is a schema ?
a mental framework used to organise info into categories
how does CBT support becks theory?
CBT uses becks ideas to identify, challenge and change irrational thoughts, reducing depression symptom- showing practical application
what evidence supports becks theory?
Grazioli and Terry found pregnant women with cognitive vulnerability were more likely to develop post-natal depression
what is a key limitation related to the origin of irrational thoughts?
becks theory describes what irrational thoughts are but not why they occur- lacking explanatory power
how does biology challenge becks theory?
it doesn’t account for biological influences such as genetics or neurotransmitters like serotonin meaning becks theory does not take a fully holistic
What is Ellis’ ABC model?
cognitive explanation of depression to explain how irrational thoughts affect mood and behaviour
what does ABC stand for?
- activating event e.g losing job
- beliefs e.g ‘I lost my job because I am useless’
- consequence= irrational beliefs e.g ‘I lost my job which means ill never find another one
what is a strength of ellis’ abc model?
model assigns responsibility for the individual to manage their thoughts, allowing some degree of control as to how to manage the consequence. meaning theory takes idiographic approach
how has ABC model got good real life application?
Ellis developed REBT which has been successful in treating depression and changing irrational thought patterns
what is a limitation of ellis’ ABC model?
can account for reactive depression where the individual responds to an activating event but now for endogenous depression which devotes without any accompanying event. this limit external validity.
most commonly used psychological treatment for depression?
CBT
how long does a course of CBT usually last?
5-20 sessions
what is cognitive therapy in CBT based on?
becks theory of depression
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Definitions Of Abnormality18
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Phobias47
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depression36
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OCD31
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Behaviourism16
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The Social Learning Theory14
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The Cognitive Approach13
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The Biological Approach11
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The Psychodynamic Approach15
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The Humanistic Approach11
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aims, hypotheses and variables22
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research issues, controls and pilot studies19
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Experiments: type and design31
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Multi-store model of memory and types of long term memory22
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types of long term memory12
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the working memory model14
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the nervous system12
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Social influence: Conformity31
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Social influence: Obedience2
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COMPARISON OF APPROACHES24
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Localisation of function and hemispheric lateralisation42
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biological rhythms38
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issues and debates section A62
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explanations for forgetting16
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Stages of attachment and role of the father14
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animal studies into attachment12
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eyewitness testimony12
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schizophrenia91
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forensics1
