explanations for forgetting

Question 1

what does forgetting mean?

Answer 1

refers to a persons loss of ability to recall information and store memories

Question 2

what are the two types of interference as an explanation for forgetting?

Answer 2

proactive and retroactive

Question 3

what is proactive interference ?

Answer 3

proactive interference occurs when an older memory interferes with a newer memory e.g names of previous neighbours are remembered instead of names of new neighbours

Question 4

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 4

retroactive interference occurs when a new memory prevents the recall of an older memory e.g names of new neighbours remembered but previous neighbours names are forgotten

Question 5

how does interference occur in real life situations (strength) (rugby players)

Answer 5

Baddeley and hitch, rugby players asked to recall named of teams they had played against over one season. players who had played in most games had worse recall.
- researchers found more recent games had interfered with recall of the earlier games
- badly and hitch concluded that interference had occurred to prevent accurate recall
- irl app= good ecological validity

Question 6

what is a limitation of interference?

Answer 6

interference can be temporary, using hints or cues can help with remembering previously forgotten information

Question 7

why does much of interference research have low ecological validity?

Answer 7

much are lab-based using artificial tasks such as recalling word lists

Question 8

what is a cue?

Answer 8

a hint or trigger that can help retrieve a memory

Question 9

what are the two types of cues and what are they linked to.

Answer 9

external cues are linked to the environment/surroundings whereas internal cues are linked to mood/emotions

Question 10

when is a cue placed in the memory store?

Answer 10

cue is placed in the memory store at the same time as the information to be remembered

Question 11

what is retrieval failure?

Answer 11

if there are not enough cues a person may forget certain memories, this is called retrieval failure. the memory is still available but not accessible due to the absence of cues

Question 12

what is the encoding-specifity principle?

Answer 12

tucking proposed that if a cue is to be helpful in remembering information, then it must be: present during encoding and present during retrieval. if cues do not meet the criteria then the information may be forgotten

Question 13

what are the two types of forgetting?

Answer 13

context dependant forgetting and state dependant forgetting

Question 14

what is context-dependent forgetting?

Answer 14

context-dependant forgetting occurs when recall depends on an external cue e.g environment

Question 15

who researched context dependant forgetting?

Answer 15

godden and baddeley investigated the effect of contextual cues on deep-sea divers

Question 16

described godden and baddeley investigation into contextual cues

Answer 16

• aimed to investigate whether memory was better for world learned and recalled in the same environment or different environments (context being land or water)
• sample of 18 participants from a diving club
• participants asked to learn a set of words either on land or under water and were then asked to recall these words either on land or underwater
• there were four conditions:
  
  1. learning words on land/recalling on land
     . learning words on land/ recalling underwater