1
Q
When is something considered to be clinical depression?
A
- when feeling sad/ down persists for weeks or months
2
Q
What are the main grades of depression according to the ICD?
A
- mild, moderate, severe
3
Q
IDC definition of clinical depression? (The main symptoms)
A
- loss of internet and enjoyment
- reduced energy leading too increased fatiguability and diminished activity
- marked tiredness after only slight effort
4
Q
A
5
Q
What are the symptoms that must be present for a diagnosis of clinical depression?
A
- two of the main symptoms
- two of “side symptoms”
6
Q
Side symptoms of depression?
A
- disturbed sleep
- loss of appetite
- reduced self esteem and confidence
- loss of libido
7
Q
When is the diagnosis for clinical depression given?
A
- usually if sympotoms persist for more than two weeks
- for most of everyday
- less than two weeks if sympotoms are very sudden and severe
8
Q
Key statistics of clinical depression (age, prevalence, sex, ethnicity, recovery)?
A
- between 4 and 10 % of people in England will experience depression
- Prevalence of depression in children is 0.09% and 1.4% in adolescents aged 11-16
- more frequent in people aged 30 and 35 than people over 65
- women 2x more likely to get diagnosed
- Indian ethnicity reported highest rates (61%) of depression.
- Asian pps generally reported higher rates that black participants
- in 2011, 42% of patients showed no measurable symptoms after completing the NHS psychological therapy
9
Q
What did Ellis propose?
A
- depression resulted from irrational thinking
10
Q
What is the ABC model (details for each letter)
A
Activating event- external trigger or situation
Beliefs- how the event is interpreted (can be rational or irrational)
Consequences- emotional and behavioural result of the belief. Irrational beliefs can lead to withdrawal, sadness’s and eventually clinical depression.
11
Q
ABC criticism 1: the irrational evaluation may actually be considered rational
A
- a loss of a job that can lead to loss of income wouldn’t necessarily involve an irrational assessment of the situation
12
Q
ABC criticism 2: too reductionist
A
- assumes that depression is simply a result of faulty cognitive processes
- ignores biological factors such as neurotransmitters that affect how we perceive situations and events
13
Q
ABC criticism 3: depression that comes from nowhere
A
Better explained by innate biological processes
14
Q
ABC criticism 3: hard to establish cause and effect
A
- individuals make faulty/ irrational conclusions
- unclear whether irrational thoughts cause depression or depression causes irrational thinking
15
Q
ABC criticism 4: supports free will, assuming that people are responsible for their depression
A
- people may get more depressed if the individual thinks they’re at fault for their depression and the therapy doesn’t work
16
Q
describe the social rank theory.
A
- evolutionary response
- used to survive social conflict
- depression is a natural reaction when we loose so that we come to terms with the loss.
- and accept the subordinate role.
- prevents aspiring to achieve a higher status.
- prevents conflict.
- reduced efforts and ambitions lead to depression.
17
Q
How does a lower rank reduce conflict? What does that allow in society?
A
- it prevents the winner from inflicting further injury onto the loser, which was essential for the losers survival
- which ensures that the looser wont try again to gain a higher rank in society
- allows social change can happen quickly without too much conflict
18
Q
A
19
Q
What is the benefit of yielding to the winner a millennia ago according to the social rank theory?
A
- allows looser to maintain a place in society
- allowed the looser to have continued protection of the group which was more preferred than rejection
20
Q
SRT criticism 1: reductionist
A
- only views depression as an instinctive evolutionary concept
- ignores individual differences
- someone might view a challenge as an opportunity to learn from mistakes and work harder for success
21
Q
SRT criticism 2: ignores non-conflict related triggers of depression.
A
- bereavement or stress of being a career could lead to depression
22
Q
SRT criticism 3: reductionist within the biological approach
A
- fails to take into account other biological explanations for depression such as imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain.
23
Q
SRT criticism 4: limits depression to only losers
A
- statistics do suggest depression is more common in people of lower social rank and poorer
- a significant proportion of people from higher ranks such as celebrities have experienced depression so evidence doesn’t support the claim
24
Q
What is evolutionary psychology?
A
- branch of psychology
- believes our behaviour has adapted over thousands of years to help us survive
25
Background on tandoc et al?
- a study found that people ages 18-24 were more likely to suffer from a depressive disorder symptoms
- Wrtigt et al proposed that transition from school to university had may factors (such as leaving home for the first time) that lead to depression
- the Great Depression (1929-1939) had a huge comic impact and high levels of unemployment which contributed to more people become depressed
- a study found that 5x more high school and college students were experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to young people the same age during the Great Depression
26
What did tandoc et al suggest about the increased prevalence of depression within adolescents?
- many factors contributed to increase in incidents of depression: better diagnosis, more attention payed to students well being in higher education
- heavy use of social media such as Facebook
27
What study showed no correlation between facebook use and depression? Which study found a positive correlation between facebook use and depression?
- Jelenchick et al found no correlation between facebook use and depression
- Wright et all found a significant positive correlation between number of hours spent on facebook and depression
28
How did the social rank theory relate to tandoc et als study?
- theory suggests that humans compete for the same resources and those who are unsuccessful can feel subordinated
- tandoc suggested that feelings of subordination was similar to feelings of envy and can make people more vulnerable to depression
29
Aim of tandoc et al?
-To see whether depression could be predicated by facebook usage (using the social rank theory)
- to see whether Facebook can lead to subordination (feeling envy) and in turn to depression
30
Hypotheses for tandoc et al?
- heavy facebook usage would report higher feelings of envy
- users with a large network of friends would report higher levels of envy
- those who report higher feelings of facebook envy would also report more symptoms of depression
31
Method of tandoc et al?
- online self report surveys
- coded participants responses to questions into numerical form so that researchers could statistically analyse them.
32
Sample of tandoc et al?
- 854 students from a university in the USA were invited to participate
- 736 chose to participate
- 68% female
- average age was 19
33
Materials for tandoc et al?
Online questionnaire
34
What did the online questionnaire ask people for in tandoc et als study?
- report daily hours spent on Facebook
- rate on a scale of 1-5 (5 being very frequently) how often they wrote a status, posted, browed a friends timeline..
- rate 8 items depending how much they agreed with the thing so see how much envy they felt (such as it doesn’t seem fair that other people have to much fun
- Complete the CES-D scale which contains 20 items asking pps to respond about symptoms associated with depression such as sleep quality
35
What was Facebook surveillance?
Looking at their friends statuses but not commenting or posting their own info
36
What was the procedure in tandoc et al?
Complete at submit online survey/ questionnaires
37
Results of the tandoc et al study?
- hypothesis 1 supported: heavy facebook use showed stronger feelings of envy
- hypothesis 2 not supported: size of network of friends not related to envy
- hypothesis 3 supported: facebook ENVY was a significant positive predictor of depression
- no DIRECT significant relationship between frequency of facebook use and depression
38
What did the tandoc et al results show about facebook surveillance?
- surveillance isn’t a predictor
- surveillence can lead to envy which leads to depression (so indirect link)
39
Conclusions of tandoc et al?
- facebookuse doesn’t directly link to depression
-facebook envy can lead to depression
- surveillance on facebook can lessen feelings of depression if it doesn’t lead to envy
- SRT offers a useful basis to understanding how depression can occur in collage aged students
40
Criticisms of SLT?
- culturally biased As sample was from people from USA so not generalisable to other countries
- age bias as it was only collage students sample so doesn’t represent how facebook use corral etc to depression in different ages
- pps may have given socially desirable answers which would affect the studs reliably even though the surveys were online
- results lack construct validity as a complex phenomena of depression and envy was measured using a simple number sale that doesn’t give full insight
41
42
What are anti psychotics?
- type of medication
- available on prescription
- used to treat mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and severe depression
43
What are the different forms antipsychotics can be taken?
- liquid or tablet or long acting injections
44
What is neuropsychology?
- branch psychology concerned with how a persons cognition (thinking) and behaviour are related to the brain and nervous system.
45
What are anti-psychotics?
- medication used to help people experiencing psychotic episodes (e.g. schizophrenia)
46
What are anti-depressants?
- medications used to help people who are depressed
47
How were antipsychotics discovered?
- accidentally
- in 1950s
48
What is a theory about symptoms of psychosis? What can reduce that?
- symptoms caused by overproduction of dopamine
- by blocking some of the dopamine receptors in the brain, it reduces the number of messages passed around the brain
Psychology
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