Abnormal Psychology > Depressive Disorders > Flashcards

Depressive Disorders Flashcards

(37 cards)

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1
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is diagnosed in the presence of:

  • Severe recurrent verbal or behavioral _____________ outbursts grossly out of proportion to the _____________,
  • A chronic, persistently irritable/angry mood between outbursts on most days
  • Symptoms persist at least ____________ and are exhibited in at least ___ of ___ settings,
  • Outbursts are inconsistent with the individual’s developmental level and occur, on average, ___ times per week.
A
  • Temper
  • Provocation
  • 2 weeks
  • 2 of 3
  • 3
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2
Q

A diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder cannot be diagnosed before the individual is at least ___ years of age or after he/she is ___ years of age, and age of onset must be before age ___.

A
  • 6
  • 18
  • 10
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3
Q

A diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder requires the presence of at least ___ symptoms of a major depressive episode nearly every day for at least __________, with at least one symptom being depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure (or, in children and adolescents, a depressed or irritable mood).

A
  • 5
  • 2 weeks
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4
Q

Symptoms of a major depressive episode include:

  • Depressed mood
  • Diminished interest/pleasure in most activities
  • Significant changes in ____________ and/or ____________
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Psychomotor ___________ or __________
  • Fatigue/energy loss
  • Feelings of ___________ or excessive _________
  • Diminished ability to think/concentrate
  • Recurrent thoughts of death
  • Recurrent suicidal ideation
  • Suicide attempt
A
  • Weight
  • Appetite
  • Agitation
  • Retardation
  • Worthlessness
  • Guilt
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5
Q

Specifiers for MDD address severity, course, and accompanying features. The latter include with _____________ features, with atypical features, with _________ onset, and with _____________ pattern.

A
  • Psychotic
  • Peripartum
  • Seasonal
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6
Q

The specifier of with peripartum onset is applied to MDD, Bipolar I, and Bipolar II when the onset is during pregnancy or within _______ postpartum.

A

4 weeks.

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7
Q

Depression with peripartum onset is often characterized by __________, preoccupation with the infant’s well-being, and (in extreme cases) _____________ about the infant.

A
  • Anxiety
  • Delusions
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8
Q

About ___ to ___% of women experience depression either during pregnancy or in the first several months after giving birth, while ___ to ___% develop postpartum psychosis.

A
  • 10 to 20%
  • .1 to .2%
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9
Q

“Baby blues,” characterized by mild transitory mood symptoms, affects up to ___% of women during the first ____________ following delivery.

A
  • 80
  • 2 weeks
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10
Q

The specifier, with seasonal pattern, is applied to MDD, Bipolar I, and Bipolar II Disorder when there is a ______________ relationship between the onset of a mood episode and the _______________.

A
  • Temporal
  • Time of year
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11
Q

Mood fluctuations corresponding to changes in time/season is also known as __________________ (SAD), and occurs most often in the ______________ in the Northern Hemisphere.

A
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder
  • Winter
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12
Q

SAD is associated with _______________, increased appetite and weight gain, and craving for _____________.

A
  • Hypersomnia
  • Carbohydrates
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13
Q

SAD has been linked to increases in ____________ levels, a phase-delay in _______________, and ________________ dysfunction.

A
  • Melatonin
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Serotonergic
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14
Q

EEG abnormalities during sleep are experienced by ___ to ___% of outpatients experiencing a major depressive episode.

A

40 to 60%.

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15
Q

____% of people with MDD experience anxiety during their lifespan.

A

60%.

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16
Q

According to the DSM-5, the 12-month prevalence rate for MDD in the U.S. is about ___%, with marked age-related differences:

  • The prevalence for individuals 18-29 is ___ times that of individuals 60+
  • Prior to puberty, rates are ________ between males and females
  • Beginning in early adolescence, the rate of MDD for females is ___ to ___ times the rate for males.
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A
  • 7%
  • 3
  • Equal
  • 1.5 to 3
17
Q

The peak age of onset of MDD is the ________, with variable course duration and number of episodes.

18
Q

MDD symptoms vary somewhat with age:

  • In children, somatic complaints, ___________, and social withdrawal are common
  • In preadolescents (esp. boys), _____________ and destructiveness sometimes occur
  • In older adults, memory loss, _____________, disorientation, and other cognitive symptoms may be present
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A
  • Irritability
  • Aggressiveness
  • Distractibility
19
Q

Concordance rates for MDD:

  • Monozygotic twins:
  • Dizygotic twins:
  • MDD is ___ to ___ times more common among first-degree biological relatives of individuals with the disorder than the general population.
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A
  • .50
  • 0.20
  • 1.5 to 3.0
20
Q

Research has also supported a link between MDD and the personality trait ________________.

21
Q

According to the __________________, some forms of depression are due to a deficiency in norepinephrine.

Study These Flashcards
A

Catecholamine Hypothesis.

22
Q

According to the ___________________, depression is the result of low levels of serotonin.

Study These Flashcards
A

Indolamine hypothesis.

23
Q

Depression has also been linked to elevated levels of _______________, which causes atrophy of neurons in the hippocampus; there is evidence that the total duration of untreated depression correlates with the amount of _____________ of the hippocampus.

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A
  • Cortisol
  • Shrinkage
24
Q

Lewinsohn’s (1974) Behavioral Theory of Depression is based on the principles of ________________, and attributes the disorder to a low rate of ________________ reinforcement for social and other behaviors, resulting in extinction of those behaviors and pessimism, low self-esteem, social isolation, and other features of depression.

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A
  • Operant conditioning
  • Response-contingent
25
***Seligman's*** (1978) ***Learned Helplessness Model*** describes depression as the result of prior exposure to uncontrollable _____________ coupled with a tendency to attribute those events to internal, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and stable factors.
* Negative events * Global ## Footnote *Bonus: A more recent version of the model de-emphasizes attributions and describes **hopelessness** as the proximal and sufficient cause of depression.*
26
According to ***Rehm's*** (1987) ***Self-Control Model***, depression is the result of a combination of problems related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, self-evaluation, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Self-monitoring * Self-reinforcement
27
***Beck's*** (1976) cognitive theory views depression as being related to negative, illogical self-statements about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and _______________ (the "depressive cognitive triad").
* Self * World * Future ## Footnote *Bonus: Some studies confirm Beck's hypothesis; others suggest that negative beliefs may actually reflect a more accurate awareness of reality.*
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ appear to be most effective for "classic depression" involving vegetative symptoms, worsening of symptoms in the morning, acute onset, short symptom duration, and moderate severity.
Tricyclics (TCAs).
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are considered the first-line drug treatment for moderate to severe depression, and have fewer side effects and a lower risk for fatal overdose than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* SSRIs * TCAs
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ may be beneficial for individuals who do not respond to ________ or _________ and/or who have atypical symptoms.
* Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) * TCAs * SSRIs
31
Venlafaxine (Effexor), desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and duloxetine (Cymbalta) are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, increasing the levels of both ____________ and serotonin; there is evidence that they are comparable to TSAs in terms of effectiveness but differ in terms of side effects.
* Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) * Norepinephrine
32
Research to date supports that a combination of _______________ and ________________ are better for depression than either modality alone, but ____________ is associated with a lower risk for relapse than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Pharmacotherapy * CBT * CBT * Pharmacotherapy
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been found to be very useful for very severe, endogenous forms of depression that involve delusions or suicidal ideation or that have not responded to antidepressants.
Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). ## Footnote *Bonus: Negative side effects (e.g., temporary retrograde/anterograde amnesia) may be reduced by administering ECT unilaterally to the right (nondominant) hemisphere).*
34
***Persistent Depressive Disorder*** (formerly known as ***Dysthymia***) is characterized by a depressed mood (or in children, a depressed or _________ mood), on most days for at least ___________ in adults or at least ____________ in children and adolescents, as indicated by two of the following symptoms: * Poor appetite or overeating * Insomnia or hypersomnia * Low energy/fatigue * Low self-esteem * Difficulty concentrating or making decisions * Feelings of hopelessness * The patient has not been symptom free for more than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and Sx cause distress/impaired functioning.
* Irritable * 2 years * 1 year * 2 months
35
Treatment of ***PDD*** often includes a combination of _______________ and either CBT or _____________ therapy.
* Antidepressants (esp. SSRIs) * Interpersonal therapy
36
A diagnosis of ***Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder*** (***PMDD***) requires symptom onset during the week before menses, improvement in symptoms within ________ of menses onset, and absence of or minimal symptoms during the __________ post-menses.
* A few days * Week
37
A diagnosis of PMDD requires the presence of at least ___ characteristic symptoms; one of the symptoms must be: * Marked affective \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Depressed mood or self-deprecating thoughts * Anxiety or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Additionally, at least one symptom must be: * Decreased interest in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Impaired concentration * Lethargy * Marked change in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Hypersomnia or insomnia * A sense of being overwhelmed/out-of-control * Physical symptoms (e.g., \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, joint/muscle pain)
* 5 * Lability * Tension * Usual activities * Appetite * Breast swelling/tenderness
Abnormal Psychology
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