Schizophrenia

Question 1

Primary Criterion: A diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires the presence of at least two active phase symptoms; these include:

(Hint: 5)

Answer 1

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized Speech
• Disorganized behavior
• Negative symptoms

Bonus: One of the two active phase symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.

Question 2

Additional Criteria: For a diagnosis of Schizophrenia, there must be continuous signs of the disorder for at least ______________, and symptoms must cause significant impairment.

Answer 2

6 months.

Question 3

For Schizophrenia, the DSM-5 provides specifiers to describe the ____________ and to indicate if the symptoms include _____________.

Answer 3

• Course
• Catatonia

Question 4

For Schizophrenia, common associated features include:

• Inappropriate _____________
• __________ mood
• ____________ sleep pattern
• Lack of interest in ______________
• _____________ (poor insight)
• Comorbid Substance Use Disorder (____________ is particularly high)

Answer 4

• Affect
• Dysphoric
• Disturbed
• Eating
• Anosognosia
• Tobacco Use

Question 5

Lifetime prevalence for Schizophrenia ranges from ___ to ___%, with some variation by race/ethnicity, geographic region, and gender.

Answer 5

0.3 to 0.7%.

Question 6

With respect to gender, the prevalence of Schizophrenia is slightly higher for ____________ than _____________.

Answer 6

• Males
• Females

Question 7

True or False: Research suggests that the higher reported rate of Schizophrenia for African Americans is the result of legitimate ethno-biological differences.

Answer 7

False: Research suggests that the higher reported rate of Schizophrenia for African Americans is the result of misdiagnosis, due to the fact that African Americans are more likely to experience hallucinations and delusions as symptoms of depression and other disorders.

Question 8

The World Health Organizations Pilot Study of Schizophrenia found that patients from developing countries were more likely to exhibit _______ symptom onset, a ___________ clinical course, and a ________________ of symptoms.

Answer 8

• Acute
• Shorter
• Complete remission

Question 9

Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia (Gottesman, 1991):

• Biological Sibling: ___%
• Fraternal (dizygotic) Twin: ___%
• Identical (monozygotic) Twin: ___%
• Child of Two Parents with Schizophrenia: ___%

Answer 9

• 10%
• 17%
• 48%
• 46%

Question 10

Studies have shown that relatives of people with Schizophrenia are at increased risk for Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, especially ___________________. Additional disorders in the spectrum include the _______________ disorders, as well as Schizoid, ____________, and Avoidant Personality Disorder.

Answer 10

• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Psychotic
• Paranoid

Question 11

Brain abnormalities associated with Schizophrenia include:

• Enlarged __________________
• Smaller than normal _________________, amygdala, and ____________________.

Answer 11

• Ventricles
• Hippocampus
• Globus pallidus

Question 12

Functional abnormalities associated with Schizophrenia include:

• ____________________ has been linked to negative symptoms and poor performance on cognitive tasks; it refers to lower-than-normal activity in the ___________________ as measured by cerebral blood flow and _______________________.

Answer 12

• Hypofrontality
• Prefrontal cortex
• Glucose metabolism

Question 13

The __________________ was the first biochemical explanation for Schizophrenia and attributes it to elevated dopamine levels or oversensitive dopamine receptors.

Answer 13

Dopamine Hypothesis.

Question 14

The original Dopamine Hypothesis has been modified by subsequent research, suggesting that the role of dopamine differs for positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia and implicating other neurotransmitters, including __________________, glutamate, and __________.

Answer 14

• Serotonin
• GABA

Question 15

The abnormally large proportion of people with Schizophrenia born in the late winter/early spring has been attributed to higher rates of __________________ in the winter months, consistent with research linking Schizophrenia to prenatal exposure to the _______________ virus.

Answer 15

• Infectious disease
• Influenza

Question 16

Traditional first generation antipsychotics include ______________ and _______________, and have been found to be most useful for eliminating the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia (e.g., hallucinations, disordered thoughts).

Answer 16

• Haloperidol
• Fluphenazine (Prolixin)

Question 17

Atypical second generation antipsychotics, including _____________ and ______________, have been found less likely than first generation antipsychotics to cause __________________, and may be effective for reducing both positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia.

Answer 17

• Clozapine
• Risperidone
• Tardive dyskinesia

Question 18

Family-based interventions for Schizophrenia are particularly effective when they target high levels of __________________ among family members, which has been linked to high relapse and rehospitalization rates in individuals with Schizophrenia.

Answer 18

Expressed emotion (EE).

Bonus: High EE is characterized by open criticism and hostility toward the patient, or alternatively, overprotectiveness and overinvolvement.