Diversity in Plant Function

Question 1

nutrient?
types? plant nutrients primarily consists of?
expain how plants are autotrophs?

Question 2

how many elements are imp. for plant growth?
which of these are required in large/less quantities and name them? what are they called?

Question 3

why do carnivorus plants involve insects?
notable feature of carnivorus plants?
label pic of plants?

Answer 3

pg 238

Question 4

gaseous exchange in plants?
mainly occurs by which process?
exchange of gases happens through what openings?

Answer 4

pg 238

Question 5

during day and night time what happens? in terms of gaseous exchange?
define compensation point of photosynthesis?

Answer 5

pg 238

Question 6

what are mesophyll cells? located?
they’re adaptive to what?
explain mesophyll in dicot plants?
what are bifacial leaves? aka?

Answer 6

pg 239

Question 7

mesophyll in monocot plants?
monofacial?
label bifacial leaf?

Answer 7

pg 239

Question 8

define stoma?
guard cells?
distribution of stomata in monofacial and bifacial leaves?
transpiration?

Answer 8

pg 239

Question 9

nutrients may become deficient in the soil if a particular crop is grow again and again? solution
necrosis?
chlorosis?
stunted growth?

Question 10

plant roots role?
summarize transort in plants?
define osmosis?
exosmosis and endosmosis?

Answer 10

pg 239 40

Question 11

water potential? denoted by? unit?
water potential of a medium is directly proportional to?
what water has highest potential? value?
water potential of all sol should be?

Question 12

water potential in plant solutions is mainly influenced by? water potential can be broken down into? if these components change then?
for water to move through the plant from the soil to air? conditions must exist?

Question 13

solutes increase/decrease water potential?
solute potential?
solute potential in plant cell and distilled water?
typical values for cell cytoplasm
solute potential increases/decreases with increasing solute conc.? why?

Question 14

why is solute potential called osmotic potential?

Question 15

pressure potential?

Question 16

cell wall of epidermal cells of roots are ____ permeable to? what abt cell membrane?
water enters epidermal cell by?
what does it pass through before reaching xylem vessels?
pathways taken by water to reach?

Answer 16

pg 242

Question 17

apoplast pathway?

Answer 17

pg 242

Question 18

symplast pathway?

Answer 18

• The symplastic pathway is a route for water & solute transport in plants where substances move through the interconnected cytoplasm of living cells, known as the symplast, rather than through cell walls.
• Water moves from cell to cell via plasmodesmata—microscopic channels linking adjacent cells—driven by water potential gradients & osmosis

pg 243

Question 19

vacuolor pathway?
types of conducting tissues in plants?
describe?

Answer 19

pg 243

Question 20

xylem? cell types?
tracheophytes? aka?
structure?
desrcibe function?
cells that are universally present in all vascular plants?
xylem vessels? structure?
found in?

structure as in living/dead, shape, cell wall?

Answer 20

pg 244

Question 21

xylem fibres? structure? responsible for?
only living cells of xylem? structure? function?

structure as in living/dead, shape, cell wall?

Answer 21

pg 244

Question 22

phloem tissues? what type of tissue? consists of? describe each type?
sieve tubes? structure? formed by?
sieve tube elements?

Answer 22

pg 244

Question 23

sieve plate? seperates?
if ste dont have nuclei how do they function?
companion cells function?
does phloem have parnechyma?
function?

Answer 23

pg 244

Question 24

what is ascent of sap? what explains this movement?

Answer 24

TACT

pg 245

Question 25

TACT theory? responsible for?

Answer 25

pg 245

Question 26

transpiration pull?

Answer 26

pg 245

Question 27

adhesion?

Answer 27

pg 245

Question 28

cohesion and tension? what causes this?

Answer 28

pg 246

Question 29

mechanism of TACT force? how strong is the water column? what is responsible for the flow of water?

Answer 29

pg 246

Question 30

opening and closing of stomata? when? depends on? explain the opening and closing

Answer 30

pg 246

Question 31

starch sugar interconversion theory

Answer 31

pg 247

Question 32

K+ ions influx/efflux theory? at morning and evening?

Answer 32

pg 247

Question 33

what is translocation of organic solutes? direction? what is source and sink? leaf fruit root & stem are source/sink?

Answer 33

247-8

Question 34

composition of translocating fluid?

Answer 34

pg 248

Question 35

mechanism of translocation?

Answer 35

pg 248

Question 36

homeostasis? conditions? in plants?

Answer 36

pg 251

Question 37

osmoregulation? aka? 3 situations of?

Answer 37

pg 251

Question 38

what is endosmosis and which medium does it occur in? what is exosmosis & which medium does it occur in? what is ideal situation for a cell?

Answer 38

pg 252

Question 39

hydrophytes and other plant types? based on? hydrophytes? examples? charactersitics?

Answer 39

pg 252

Question 40

mesophytes? examples? characteristics?

Answer 40

pg 252 wheat rice corn

Question 41

xerophytes? examples? charcateristcs? aka?

Answer 41

pg 253

Question 42

saline soil? characteristic of? how do they create drought? plants living in it are called?

Answer 42

pg 253

Question 43

halophytes? characteristics? if they take up salt, will it not impact their enzymes & metabolic machinery? name compatible solutes?

Answer 43

pg 253

Question 44

thermoregulation in plants? why does it need it? low temp in plants causes? freezing temp?

Answer 44

pg 253

Question 45

what do plants do to prevent crytallization in diff cell parts? why is rapid chilling to plants more stressful than gradual drop in air temp? prevent crytallization in cell membrane & cytoplasm

Answer 45

pg 254

Question 46

high temp. stress causes? when do plants close their stomata? what are heat shock proteins? why do some plants have shiny leaves?

Answer 46

cz of shiny cuticle in hot areas | pg 254

Question 47

support mechanisms in plants? mechanical tissues?

Answer 47

pg 254

Question 48

role of turgor mechanism in support?

Answer 48

pg 255

Question 49

role of mechanical tissues in support? collenchyma? label?

Answer 49

pg 255

Question 50

sclerenchyma? function? types? label?

Answer 50

pg 255

Question 51

arrangement of vascular bundles? in dicot and monocot plants?

Answer 51

pg 256

Question 52

define development & growth? phases? what is open growth?

Answer 52

pg 256

Question 53

meristems? found in? how are the cells like? what is an intial and derivative? what happens after repeated mitotic divisions? describe the cells? types?

Answer 53

2 types of meristems apical & lateral | meristematic tissue is also called dividing tissue ## Footnote pg 256

Question 54

apical meristems? location? cell divisions cause? why are they called primary meristems? types of plant growth based on?

Answer 54

based on origin primary growth & secondary growth | pg 256

Question 55

lateral meristems? locations? why are they called secondary meristems? types? describe first type type? found in?

Answer 55

pg 256

Question 56

phellogen? found in? intercalary meristem? loacted? growth in these tissues give rise to? secondary tissues?

Answer 56

pg 256

Question 57

primary growth? label?

Answer 57

pg 257

Question 58

secondary growth? primary and secondary tissues?

Answer 58

pg 257

Question 59

what lateral meristems participate in secondary growth? label pg 258

Question 60

role of vascular cambium on secondary growth? how is it produced? where is it present? why does it contribute more tissues in secondary growth? new tissues addition? which one is produced more faster? and in how many ways? and when? what are growth rings? aka? how can i determine the age of the plant?

Answer 60

pg 257

Question 61

role of phellogen in secondary growth? aka? orginiates from? how many new tissues addition? why does the outer surface of mature trees look rough?

Answer 61

pg 258

Question 62

bulk of tissues added ______ during secondary growth is ____? what is heart wood? sap wood? bark? inner and outer bark? includes?

Question 63

what are growth correlations? example? types?

Question 64

apical dominance? what type of growth? found in? what do plants that have strong apical dominance and weak apical dominance physically look like?

Question 65

what is the cause of apical dominance? relased from? function? what is the opposite one called? produced by? function? so plants that have strong/weak apical dominance? label the pic

Question 66

what are the change in plant shapes or functions regulated by? how are plants coordinated?

Question 67

why are hormones called growth regulators? types? name them?

Question 68

auxins? aka? distinction? function? synthesized in? most significant function?

Question 69

gibberellins? abundant in? types? most widespread? function?

Question 70

cytokinis? named cz of? found in? most active form?

Question 71

ABA? synthesized in? when? function?

Question 72

ethene? aka? produced from? function

Question 73

table 10.4

Question 74

what is tropism? aka? name different types? named on the basis of? describe one type?

Question 75

geotropism? aka? thigotropism? chemotropism?

Question 76

photoperiodism? photoperiod? this behavior is found in?

Question 77

classification of plants based upon photoperiodism? 3 examples?

Question 78

length of critical photoperiods depend upon? define critical photoperiod for short day plants? examples

Question 79

define critical photoperiod for long day plants? examples?

Question 80

what is the actual stimulas for flowering? example for short day plants? short and long day plants are actually?

Answer 80

Cocklebur is a short-day plant that flowers when the day length is less than about 15.5 hours (or night is longer than ~8.5 hours).

Question 81

effect of quality of light? that affect? cocklebur example? which light was effective in preventing flowering? why? what reversed it? why? what abt long day plants?

Answer 81

cockleblur need low pfr/pr ratio but red light convert pr to pfr far red light converted pfr to pr opposite

Question 82

what led to the discovery of phytochromes? mechanism of photoperiodism depends on? describe phytochromes? what does it contain? nature? diagram?

Question 83

interconversion of phytochromes? phytochromes are found in what forms? when does it convert? what conversion happens during the day & night?

Question 84

a short day plant require _______ ratio. it can flower if it's provided with __________ because __________. a long day plant require _______ ratio. it can flower if it's provided with __________ because __________. | stimuli required for induction of flowering?

Question 85

role of florigen hormone? how is it produced?

Question 86

vernalization? temp. range? most effective? vernalization is the requirement of what plants? biennial plants?

Question 87

example of biennial plant? sown and harvested? when will it not show vegetative growth? is low temp. abdolute? low temp. stimulates what? function? the hormone is actually?