Biology-11 > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

heredity? variations?
genetics?
why is genetics referred to as the study of gene?

A
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2
Q

what is template?
how is protein made?

What is a gene?

What is the basic unit of DNA called?

What are polynucleotides?

How many polynucleotide chains make up a gene?

Which chain in the gene determines the type of protein to be made?

What is the process of copying DNA into mRNA called?

Where does transcription take place?

What is a codon?

Where does translation occur? with the help of? what is it?

What is the final product of gene expression?

A

A gene is the basic unit of heredity and is a small segment of DNA that codes for the formation of a polypeptide.

The basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide.

Polynucleotides are long chains formed by joining nucleotides together.

Each gene consists of 2 polynucleotide chains.

The template chain determines the type of protein to be made.

The copying process from DNA to mRNA is called transcription.

Transcription takes place in the nucleus. with the help of ribosomes

A codon is a sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that codes for one amino acid.

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm with the help of ribosomes.

a protein molecule.

ribosomes in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins by decoding (mRNA) sequences into polypeptide chains

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3
Q

what is true breeding plant? example?
how can it be developed?

A
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4
Q

what is hybridization? types?
monohybrid cross?
dihybrid cross? examples?

A
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5
Q

procedure for monohybrid cross? what did F1 & F2 gen. consist of?
how were they crossed?
what was in P gen?
what about F3 gen?
how were they crossed & what did it consist of?
ratio?

formative

A
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6
Q

homozygous?
homozygote?
heterozygous?
heterozygote?
whats 3:1 & 1:2:1 ratio? pheno or geno? and how does it form?

A
  • when both the alleles of a gene pair are same, an organsim is homozygous for THAT pair
  • an individual with homozygous genotype is called homozygote
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7
Q

law of segregation?

formative

A
  • The two coexisting alleles for each trait in an individual segregate from each other during meiosis so that each gamete receives only one of the two alleles.
  • The alleles unite again at random during fertilization when zygotes form.
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8
Q

procedure of dihybrid cross?
what was in P gen? how was F1 gen. produced?
in order to know the genotyoe of F1 gen. he?
what was in F2 gen?

formative

A

pg 314

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9
Q

interpretations of dibybrid cross? ratio?
F1 plant produces?
draw punnette square?
whats 9:3:3:1 ratio? decribe each number?

formative

A
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10
Q

state law of independent assortment?

formative

A
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11
Q

independent assortment of chromosomes? where does it happen?
no. of haploid chromosomes?
possible combinations?

formative

A

Independent assortment during meiosis causes random distribution of maternal & paternal chromosomes into gametes, creating millions of genetically diff. combinations & increasing genetic variation.

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12
Q

limitations of law of indpendent assortment?

formative

A

Apply mostly to diploid organisms; not always valid for haploid or polyploid.

Linked genes on the same chromosome may not assort independently, though crossing over can separate them.

Sex-linked traits follow different patterns; males show recessive X-linked traits more often.

Real-world traits can be affected by gene interactions or environment, so Mendel’s ratios are “ideal.”

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13
Q

usefulness and scope of independent assortment?

formative

A

variation

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14
Q

diff b/w
3:1 ratio
1:2:1 ratio
9:3:3:1 ratio
how is it formed? what gen? pheno or geno? mono or dihybrid

formative

A
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15
Q

sources of variation?

formative

A
  • crossing over (Prophase I)
  • random assortment of chromosomes (Metaphase I)
  • random fusion of gametes from different parents
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16
Q

probability? symbol? formula?

formative

A
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17
Q

product rule

formative

A
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18
Q

dominance relations?
non mendelian inheritance patterns? examples?

A

relationships between contrasting alleles at the same locus in heterozygous state.

incomplete dominance, co dominance.

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19
Q

incomplete dominance?

A
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20
Q

incomplete dominance example

A
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21
Q

co dominance? example
table 12.1

A
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22
Q

diff between incomplete and co dominance

A
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23
Q

multiple alleles? how is it produced by? present?
if for example there are 3 allele where they located cz there is only place for 2 alleles on each chromosome? example

A
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24
Q

allele? where is it present?
so every gene has 2 forms?
diploid and haploid cells contain how many alleles?

A

allele is different form/version of the same gene
no, multiple alleles

pg 318

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25
how many blood group systems? charcterized by?
26
what are antigens? situated? main BGS? rare blood types? example?
27
ABO blood group system? antigens? type A? type B? type AB? type O?
28
ABO blood group controlled by? name the allels? which are dominant and co dominant?
29
when does blood grp allele start expressing table for blood type? antibodies? anitgens?
pg 319
30
antibodies of ABO system? what if wrong transfusion is carried out? production of these antibodies require what stimulus?
## Footnote ABO blood group antigens are fully developed on red blood cells before birth, but corresponding antibodies (anti-A and anti-B) are generally absent at birth. These antibodies begin forming around 3 to 6 months after birth
31
ABO system? why is it most important name various blood grp systems | formative
32
transfusions are carried out on the basis of donor's & recipient's? person with type A B AB & O can recieve from?
33
universal recipient & donor? reason?
r=AB d=O
34
why is it named Rh? Rh BGS anitgens? aka? Rh positive & negative? wrong transfusion can cause?
35
Rh blood grp system in controlled by? which is dominant? what genotypes are Rh positive/negative? table 12.4
36
reasons for O -ve individual as the Universal donor and AB +ve as the Universal recipient?
37
anti Rh antibody is produced in what blood? how is it diff from ABO? when does Rh -ve person produce anti Rh antibody? Rh +ve donor is incompatible? which blood can be safely transfused to what Rh
38
EF disease? develops in? how does it happen? | formative
39
causes of EF & risk factors? there is always a chance of it when? | formative
40
prevention of EF? | formative
41
polygenic traits? polygenes?
| pg 325
42
wheat grain color? total phenotypes? its incomplete dominance? show inheritance of wheat grain color?
43
How many gene pairs control wheat grain colour in the given example? How many total alleles does an individual have for wheat grain colour? Which alleles are responsible for producing red pigment in wheat grains? What phenotype results from the genotype AABBCC? What phenotype results from the genotype aabbcc? What colour is a grain with only one pigment allele (e.g., Aabbcc)? What colour is a grain with two pigment alleles (e.g., AaBbcc)? What colour is a grain with three pigment alleles (e.g., AaBbCc)? What colour is a grain with four pigment alleles (e.g., AABBcc)? What colour is a grain with five pigment alleles (e.g., AABBCc)? What primarily determines the colour phenotype of wheat grains? Besides genetics, what other factors influence grain colour?
Three gene pairs: Aa, Bb, & Cc. Six alleles. A, B, and C. Dark red. White. Light pink. Pink. Light red. Red. Moderately dark red. The number of pigment-producing alleles (A, B, and C). Environmental factors like light, water, & nutrients.
44
human skin color is an example of? skin color is determined by? dark skinned people vs light skinned people? how many genes regulate the amt. of melanin produced? human skin color gene has ____ form? dark/ light skin alleles are represented by? which is dominant? heterozygpuys will exhbit what phenotype?
45
A B C act as dark skin alleles cz? what about light skin alleles? how many total shades? with genotype? what genotype would be characteristic of mulatto? what is it? draw diagram?
46
examples of polygenic traits in humans. at least 5
47
epistasis? epistatic gene? aka? hypostatic gene? epistasis vs dominance?
48
diff between epistatsis and dominance?
pg 328
49
relationship of epistasis with polygenic inheritance? one similarity & one difference
50
What is epistasis? How many basic coat colours do Labrador retrievers have? What alleles control black vs chocolate coat colour in Labradors? Which allele is dominant: B or b? What genotype must a puppy have to be chocolate? What happens if a puppy has at least one B allele? Which gene controls yellow coat colour?
One gene can mask or control the expression of another gene. Three: Black, Chocolate, Yellow. B = black (dominant), b = chocolate (recessive). B (black) is dominant over b (chocolate). bb (one b from each parent). The puppy will be black (BB or Bb → black). A separate gene at a different locus: E/e.
51
What genotype is required for a Labrador to be yellow? What does the yellow gene (ee) do to black or chocolate genes? How many e alleles must each parent contribute for a yellow puppy? If ee is not present, what determines the coat colour? What is the genotype of two yellow Labradors? If a BBEE black Labrador is crossed with a bbee yellow Labrador, what will be the offspring’s genotype? What is the phenotypic ratio in offspring of a BbEe × BbEe cross? What classic genetic ratio is associated with recessive epistasis? Give a one-line summary of Labrador coat colour genetics.
ee → yellow (two recessive alleles). It blocks the expression of B and b, masking black and chocolate. Each parent must contribute one e allele (ee). B/b gene determines the coat: B → black, bb → chocolate. ee × ee → all puppies ee (yellow). BbEe (black). 9 black : 3 chocolate : 4 yellow. 9 : 3 : 4 ratio. Black vs chocolate is controlled by B/b, but ee blocks both → yellow (epistasis).
52
dominant epistasis? when does it occur? ratio? example? white/red/light red flower? | epistasis in foxglove flower?
53
which is greater in a cell: no. of genes or chromosomes? how? define linked genes? define gene linkage? define autusomal linkage? define sex linkage? define linkage group?
54
no. of linkage groups in an organism = ? how is mendelian ratio of independent assortment deviated? how can gene linkage be detected?
no. of homologous pair of chromosomes in that organism. ## Footnote pg 331
55
test cross? how is it done?
56
how gene linkage affects the inheritance of 2 different characters? explain with an example
pg 331 morgan's experiment
57
morgan drosophila experiments results? what was expected? what came out? why?
| 332
58
what is responsible for the recombination of linked genes? what happens in it? | formative
59
diagram? linkage in fruit fly? | formative
60
chromosomes in drosophila? autsomes? how is sex determined? shape? diagram?
61
humans? how many pairs of chromosomes? how many autosomes? egg cells have what chromsomes? sperm cell? what determines the gender of the child?
62
patterns of sex detemination? sex of the offspring is determined by? sex ratio b/w male & female offspring? what does this indicate? chances for male & female in birth is equal or no?
pg 334
63
sex linked traits? sex linkage? X-linked? Y-linked? what? pseudo autosomal? aka?
allele pg 334
64
wild types? mutants? sex linkage in drosophila | formative
pg 334
65
experiment for sex linkage in drosophila? | formative
66
morgan's conclusion on sex linkage in drosophila? | formative
67
X linked traits example for dominant & recessive? define X linked recessive & dominant?
dominant: vitamin D resistant rickets recessive:
68
X linked recessive inheritance? who will be affected more? female/male children of affected father/mother?
69
X linked dominant inheritance? female/male children of an affected mother/father?example?
70
Y linked heritance? Y linked trait? aka? define Y linked genes. aka? located? why is their pheontypic epsression only observed in? examples of Y linked characters?
males
71
sex linked disorders in human? genetics of haemophilia? danger? types?
72
genetics of color blindness? genes for red green & blue opsins? what are opsins? monochromacy? more common on which gender?
RGB PDT
73
linkage can be observed if the no. of progeny is?
74
embryo screening? aminocentisis? | formative
75
chronic villus sampling | formative
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