Prokaryotes

Question 1

phylogenetics? phylogeny?

Question 2

• Approximately when did the first single-celled microorganisms, ancestors of modern bacteria, emerge on Earth?
• For how long did bacteria and archaea dominate the Earth’s biosphere?
• What is LUCA, and what was it probably like?

Answer 2

• Approximately 4 billion years ago.
• For roughly 3 billion years, as all life remained microscopic.
• The Last Universal Common Ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea. It likely existed 2.5-3.2 billion years ago and was probably a hyperthermophile (thrived in extremely hot environments).

Question 3

• What was the significant contribution of Carl Woese in 1977?
• What are the three domains in the modern system of classification

Answer 3

• He used genetic data to show that archaea have a separate evolutionary lineage from bacteria, leading to the three-domain system.
• Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 4

archaea former & name breakdown
how does archaea survive in extreme conditions?
do archaea have cell walls?
How do they make their own food?
some archaea can make?

Answer 4

special lipids in their membranes
yes but not made of peptidoglycan unlike bacteria
using H, S, CO2 & H2O
methane gas

Question 5

diff. b/w eubacteria & archaea?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

name diff groups of archaea? describe them
with one example? and also where they are found

Question 7

bacteriology is a branch of?
eubacteria? where is it found? why are they important?

Answer 7

microbiology

Question 8

what are some structural features that makes bacteria live in great variety of environments?

Answer 8

• flagella
  pili
  endospores
  filaments

Question 9

what are endospores in bacteria

Question 10

actinomycetes have which feature? found in? importance of the feature

Question 11

common groups of bacteria name?

Answer 11

7

Question 12

on what basis has bacteria been divided?

Answer 12

6

Question 13

cyanobateria aka? type of cell wall? found in? what kind of lifestyle do they have?
which organism colonized land first?
diff forms of life name them

Question 14

name the prokaryotic features of cyanobacteria?
what is genetic materical in cyanobacteria?
what does cell wall contain and is surrouned by?
where does photosynthesis take place in? pigment? responsible?

Answer 14

7

Question 15

how do cyanobacteria reproduce?

Question 16

how much of cyanobacteria have the capability to fix N? occurring within? name some cyanobacteria? label it. also label bacterial cell

Question 17

what does a typical becterium consist of?
cell wall? is it in all bacteria? is cell wall unilayered? explain cell wall structure? what does it contain? function of that?

Question 18

peptidoglycan? composed of? found only in? term derived from? synonyms?
WHAT IS capsule? composed of? except? which has? function

Question 19

types of bacteria on the basis of cell wall?

Question 20

what contributes to the anitbiotic resistance observed in gram ______ bacteria?

Question 21

label gram positive & negative diagrams

Question 22

shapes of bacteria? first one? name groups plus label diagram? examples?

Question 23

rod shaped bacteria are called? found in? examples

Question 24

spiral bacteria are called? how do they occur? in what form? structure? example?
size of bacteria?

Question 25

sporulation? what does the spore contain? what is endospre? function? is it a means for reproduction?

Question 26

main stages of endospore formation? first 3

Question 27

sporulation last 4 steps?

Question 28

how can motile bacteria move? spirochetes? types of bactier on the basis of flagella?

Question 29

E.coli has distinctive modes of movement? name them? taxes? how does bacteria move organelles inside the cell? label diagrams

Question 30

what is flagella composed of? diameter & length? consist of how many parts? function of each?

Question 31

genetic material of typical bacterium consists of? how many base pairs? code for how many proteins? size of circular chromosome? what are plasmids?

Question 32

bacteria types for nutrition? basis? heterotrophic & autrophic meaning?

Question 33

autrophy mean? types? discuss first type? example?

Question 34

2nd type of autotrophic bacteria? exmaples

Question 35

heterotrophic bacteria? describe? types?

Question 36

saprotrophic bacteria? where? how? examples?

Question 37

parasitic bacteria? types examples?

Question 38

cyanobacteria? name the photosynthetic pigments? function?

Question 39

where does photosynthesis in cyano bacteria occur? what abt other photsyntheuc batceira?

Question 40

describe oxygen production in cyanobacteria & in other photsynthetic bacteria?

Question 41

photosynthetic pigments in other bacteria?

Question 42

bacteria reproduce by? one bacterium will produce ___ bacteria after 4 gen?

Question 43

what is the curve in graph called? phases of growth? first 2

Answer 43

4

Question 44

growth cycle of bacteria? last 2 phase

Question 45

reproduction in bacteria? how is it done? asexual reproduction primary method? describe first 2 phases? how is elongation facilitated and why

Question 46

last 2 steps of binary fission? are the daughter cells identical? is it a fast process? example of bacteria that reproduce through binary fission?

Question 47

draw the diagram for binary fission in bacteria?

Question 48

how is sexual reproduction done in bacteria?

Question 49

experiment of lederberg and tatum

Question 50

genetic recombination? donor? recipient? bacterial conjugation?

Question 51

transduction?

Question 52

transformation? what are transformed cells?

Question 53

how do muatations come in bacteria? mutation rates?

Question 54

how does bacteria recycle nutrients? role they play in nitrogen cycle? what does bacteria recycle?

Question 55

bacteria's role as decomposer? importance?

Question 56

role of bacteria in digestion? related to vitamins? give eg?

Question 57

role of bacteria in industry?

Question 58

role of bacteria in food industry? and as nutrient source?

Question 59

role of bacteria in antibiotics? where are most antibiotics obtained from?

Question 60

role of bacteria in biogas?

Question 61

role of bacteria in SCP

Question 62

how did we come to know what DNA is hereditary material?

Question 63

use of bacteria in tech? what are transgenic organisms?

Question 64

protection of plants? bioremdiation and 2 other

Question 65

harmful effects of bacteria? bacteria produce acids which convert wine to?

Answer 65

3

Question 66

important bacterial infection in man

Question 67

cholera? symtoms? treatment?

Question 68

prevention of cholera?

Question 69

typhoid? symtoms? causative agent? treatment?

Question 70

prevention of typhoid?

Question 71

types of TB? symptoms? causative agent?

Question 72

treatment & prevention of TB?

Question 73

pneumonia? symptoms? causative agent? treatment?

Question 74

bacterial diseases in plants

Question 75

leaf spot? symptoms? what are the spots caused by? causative agent on different foods? prevention?

Question 76

blight? symptoms? cause? prevention?

Question 77

soft rot? symptoms?

Question 78

cause? prevention? soft rot and wilting

Question 79

wilting? symptoms?

Question 80

galls symptoms? cause? prevention?

Question 81

how many bacterial & human cells are in the human body? where are most bacteria present? normal flora? define?

Answer 81

10x

Question 82

benefits of bacterial flora to humans in terms of digestive health, immune system, protection against pathogens, synthesis of compounds?

Question 83

bacterial flora? mood & brain health? vaginal health? detoxification? mtabolism? and more?

Question 84

disinfectants? examples?

Question 85

antiseptics? example?

Question 86

preservatives? and 2 more methods

Question 87

4 physical methods to control bacteria

Question 88

4 other physical methods to control bacteria?

Answer 88

pastuerization low temp freezing temp drying