1
Q
Dual process models
A
- Includes automatic cognitive processes that happen outside of conscious awareness
- Dual: Includes ignored reasoned processes
2
Q
Frequent repetition
A
- If something is familiar, it is hard to distinguish from truth, even if false
- We absorb and believe
3
Q
Heuristics
A
- Mental shortcut allowing people to make decisions quickly, even if incorrect
- We use them to reduce task complexity of our thinking, judgement, and choice
4
Q
Biases
A
- The resulting gaps between normative and heuristically determined behaviour
- Gap between what we actually do and heuristics
- They are important and influence us!
5
Q
Cognitive Biases
A
-Systematic errors in judgement (the ways we think) based on heuristics
6
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
- Happens when we have preconception/hypothesis about an issue
- We tend to favour information that corresponds with prior beliefs and disregard contrary evidence
- We search, code, and interpret information consistent with our assumptions
- Confirms our own beliefs–> this is truth because what I see matches what I believe
- Ties into our ego –> we search for what we believe in
7
Q
Health behaviour confirmation bias
A
- Think about things you do/don’t enjoy doing
- E.g. don’t want COVID vaccine so search for information to support against the vaccine
8
Q
Hindsight Bias
A
- People evaluate events after they occurred and judge it as more predictable than it was before it happened
- “I KNEW this was going to happen”
9
Q
Health behaviour hindsight bias
A
- “I am currently in this health state because I knew what would happen if I didn’t do this”
- Others use this to affect our health and motivation –> “I told you this would happen if you did that”
10
Q
Bias Blindspot
A
-We recognize others’ bias but not how we are personally biased
11
Q
Automatic processing
A
- System 1
- Automatic: memory activated association
- Fast: brain operating quickly (10-15ms)
- Low cognitive effort: not spending mental energy for processes to happen
12
Q
Reasoned Processing
A
- System 2
- Deliberative: Choosing to think
- Slow: Taking time to think (<1 second)
- High cognitive effort: thinking is hard work and it takes effort to choose
13
Q
“Humans are lazy thinkers” means…
A
- We default to System 1 and tend to make decisions form it
- We default to heuristics and biases and do things without thinking why we are doing them
14
Q
Habits
A
- Default response unless there is motivation to change behaviour
- Behaviour done with little thinking that occur by repeatedly performing a goal-directed behaviour in the same context
- e.g. Taking stairs instead of elevator (Behavioural habit)
15
Q
How do habits develop?
A
With intermittent reinforcement and repetition
16
Q
Intermittent reinforcement
A
You keep coming back because an unknown. (e.g. slot machines)
17
Q
When do we use habits?
A
- When stressed or have impaired executive functioning
- Stress = less ability to cope and think
18
Q
Impaired executive functioning
A
- Our ability to think
- e.g. Self regulatory processes, ability to stop and think about goals
19
Q
How do habits change?
A
- Habits don’t become less strong
- We get better at being able to say No or change/increase our cognitive control
- Increased abilities (e.g. self regulatory processes)
- We can work to try to control it
- First step is knowing what context it is happening in and why you are doing it/why it is affecting you
20
Q
Do people know of their habitual behaviour?
A
- People are likely aware of habitual behaviour but unaware of triggering cues
- e.g. Not thinking about how a grocery store is lad out
21
Q
The Reflective Impulsive Model
A
- Impulsive = System 1
- Reflective/Reasoned = System 2
- it is always back and forth; our emotions operate automatically
- E.g. you can have an automatic negative association of exercise as unpleasant but become persuaded that it is fun and then choose to bet active
22
Q
Automatic Processes
A
- Associations in memory
- Result of the interaction between pre-existing associations and current external inputs
- If we see things repeated or paired often/ in certain contexts, we associate them in our long term memories (not front of mind/working memories)
23
Q
Reflective processes
A
- AKA Reasoned responses
- Reasoning about the validity of automatically activated associations
- Stopping to think about something
- Something brought to front of mind but you stop to think if it is actually true/ whether you believe the bias or stereotype
- Take the time to think
- System 2
24
Q
Automatic Processes that influence our health behaviours
A
- Habits
- Impulses
- Affect
25
Impulses
- Immediate response to approach rewarding stimuli
- We are automatically impulsively drawn to things that reward us
- e.g. do what you want because it is rewarding
26
Affect
- Emotions
- We do things we like to do and do those more automatically than things we don't like to do and need motivation for
- It is easier to do behaviour you want to think about if you actually like doing it
- Harder to be motivated if you are trying to motivate yourself to do something you don't like to do
27
Impulsive processes around food
- We respond to food ads emotionally that is under the radar of critical thinking
- Some ads promise intense taste experience and make us have intimate relationship with products
- We know we are being manipulated but if in a rush, we may not stop to think
- Our food environments are being manipulated and created to help us make an impulsive choice
28
Using Implementation Intentions to stop an impulsive choice
"IF I am in this situation and I know it will cause me trouble, THEN..."
29
What affects Affect?
- Environmental cues activate affective associations (things in our environment remind us about things and trigger emotions; e.g. hearing favorite song so we feel happy)
- Subsequent controlled, reflective evaluations of PA depend on the affective response (we need to think about our attitudes, intentions, and motivations)
- Sometimes the motivational hurdle is just working through our emotional response
30
How can we overcome automatic behaviours?
- If we have coping skills to handle stress = overcome automatic behaviours
- If we have strong associations but have strong executive skills, we can override automatic behaviours!
- When strongly motivated, we can overcome the superficial factors that produce illusions of truth
- e.g. "I don't believe these superficial factors that the chips are as good as the ad is trying to tell me... so I overcome"
31
Implicit Attitudes Test
- A way we can measure operationalizing automatic associations that are triggered
- Response time task to categorize items as quickly as possible under time pressure
- Assumption: people respond more rapidly when the concept and attribute mapped onto the same response are strongly associated (mapped on the same response key)
32
Implicit Attitudes
- Can be based on memory associated between concepts that are not based on truth or reflect automatically activated propositions that may be subjectively thought to be true
- e.g. May find out you are strongly associating women with negative things, but don't believe that; the memory associations are there because of things we see and you have to work to overcome it
33
Sedentary Behaviour and Implicit Attitudes Study
- Higher implicit attitudes/ associations of sedentary with happy = lower PA in people with LOW and MODERATE executive functions, but not high executive functions
- People with lower levels of executive functions (less able to self-regulate, stop and think, less goal setting skills, etc) did not engage in PA; less able to forego immediate pleasures/impulsive needs
- Strong executive functions could override automatic processes and impulsive needs
- We may have strong associations to being sedentary but if we ALSO have strong executive skills, we can override that!*
34
Gut Reactions
- Associations that exist in memory
- System 1
- Emotional
- Created through learning and experience
