What is a mediator?
- X leads to Y because of a change in a mediator
- Indirect effects (the in-between)
- What is done in-between (i.e. coping)
What is a moderator?
- An individual’s characteristics influencing the stress response
- e.g. high vs low style of stress but same stressor is applied to both styles of people
What are the four types of health behaviours?
- Health enhancing (e.g. healthy eating)
- Health protective (e.g. vaccine)
- Health harming (e.g. smoking, substance use)
- Sick role (prescription and proscriptions)
What is an adaptive response?
- Engaging to decrease risk
- Avoiding or stopping ill behaviour or starting positive behaviour
What is a maladaptive response?
- Not direct addressing of threat
- Taking up ill-health behaviour (e.g. substance use to cope)
- Failing to address ill-health behaviour
Subjective norms
-Expectations of important others
Injunctive norms
-Someone wants you to do behaviour
Descriptive norms
-Someone like me is doing it
What are intentions?
- Standards one sets for oneself
- Having good intention does not equal behaviour because of the intention behaviour gap
What is the IF of implementation intentions?
- The critical cue
- Identify an obstacle or opportunity
What is the THEN of implementation intentions?
- Goal directed response (cognitive, behavioural, affective)
- An alternative goal/action
- Allows you to bypass automatic thinking
Self-regulation
- Key in social cognition
- People believe they are able to achieve their goals
- Re-evaluate beliefs, self-monitor, goal-setting
Reciprocal determinism
-Interaction of person, environment and behaviour in a dynamic way constantly
Behavioural capability
- Actual ability to perform knowledge and skills
- Learning from consequence
- Social learning
What are the sources of self-efficacy? (4)
- Mastery experiences (most powerful)
- Vicarious experience (see someone else model/do it)
- Verbal persuasion (encouragement)
- Perception of physiological response and affect (fight or flight?)
Gain-framed messages
- Promoting preventative behaviours (unless behaviour is perceived risky)
- If hoping for good outcome
Loss-framed
- Promoting detection behaviours
- Grim message to increase urgency
Coping strategies
-Specific things we do to cope in the moment
Coping styles
-More generalized way of behaving linked to personality and is stable across time
Health belief model
- Not good for behaviour change
- Feel susceptible and scared = enough to change behaviour
Protection motivation theory
- Using fear appeals to change behaviour
- Something rewarding
- Self-efficacy
Theory of planned behaviour
- Looks at PA behaviour
- Intentions!
- People learn from consequence
Social Cognitive theory
- Autonomy, agency, ability, and confidence to make decisions
- Self-efficacy
- Reciprocal determinism & Behavioural capability
Information Motivation Behavioural Skills Model
- Planning Tool
- What skills do I want to work on?
- How will I enhance motivation?
