ELEC

Question 1

Tribology is derived from the
greek word “tribos”,

Answer 1

rubbing.

Question 2

Although the term tribology was only coined
IN??
BY??

Answer 2

1966 by Peter Jost,

Question 2

is the science and
engineering of understanding
friction, lubrication and wear
phenomena for interacting
surfaces in relative motion.

Answer 2

Tribology

Question 3

The earliest mention of
tribology is actually in the

Answer 3

Bible where it talks about Noah building the ark and sealing
it internally and externally with asphalt/bitumen.

Question 4

made significant observations about friction and
lubrication, including the concept of reducing friction by using a layer of lubricant between moving surfaces.

Answer 4

Leonardo da Vinci’s observations (1493):

Question 5

formulated empirical laws of friction,
known as Amontons’ laws, which established the relationship between frictional force and applied load or
contact area.

Answer 5

Guillaume Amontons’ laws of friction (1699):

Question 6

developed the concept of the
ball bearing,

Answer 6

J.W. Lund

Question 7

Establishment of the field of tribology

Answer 7

(1966):

Question 8

Introduction of the Stribeck curve

Answer 8

(1902):

Question 9

(ISO)

Answer 9

International Organization for
Standardization

Question 10

developed the theory of
elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL),

Answer 10

Hersey and Tabor

Question 11

Discovery of superlubricity

Answer 11

(1996):

Question 12

focuses on friction and wear in machine elements –
rolling-element bearings, gears, plain bearings, brakes, clutches, wheels, etc. – as well as manufacturing
processes.

Answer 12

Classical Tribology

Question 13

research focuses on lubrication in biological systems such as human hip and knee joints.
In fact, one of the most striking examples of Biotribology is with total hip replacements, which
“replace the body’s natural ball-and-socket joint with a very smooth metallic (stainless steel or
cobalt-chromium alloy) ball at the head of the femur, articulating in a cup in the pelvis made from
ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene” (Hutching, “Fifty Years of Tribology”).

Answer 13

Biotribology

Question 14

which was also introduced by Peter H. Jost, looks at
minimizing the environmental impact, including ways to reduce tribological
losses by using technologies with minimal impact on the environment.

Answer 14

Green Tribology

Question 15

the focus is on studying friction, wear and lubrication of
geological systems such as faults and glaciers (Wikipedia). As a new facet of
Tribology, Geotribology is gaining momentum in the scientific world
particularly in its abilities to analyze fault slips.

Answer 15

Geotribology

Question 16

has emerged as a strong focus.
This particular application studies tribological phenomena at a nanoscopic scale, which refers to
structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology. Nanotribology has gotten a boost in its
research since the invention of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which is a high-resolution form of
scanning probe microscopy (SPM).

Answer 16

Nanotribology

Question 17

which is a facet of research combining machine elements
and electronic components to create active tribological systems and increase a machine’s efficiency
and lifetime.

Answer 17

Tribotronics

Question 18

the aim is modeling the behavior of tribological systems by combining
several disciplines such as contact mechanics (i.e., the study of the deformation of solids that touch
each other at one or more points), fracture mechanics (i.e., the study of the proliferation of cracks in
materials) and computational fluid dynamics (i.e., the study of using numerical analysis and data
structures to solve and analyze problems involving fluid flows).

Answer 18

Computational Tribology

Question 19

looks at tribological systems with the ability to operate under the harsh
environmental conditions of outer space, particularly due to extreme temperature fluctuations.

Answer 19

Space Tribology

Question 20

studies tribological systems exposed to and affected by the natural
environment.

Answer 20

Open System Tribology

Question 21

is the force that resists motion when the surface of one object comes in contact with the surface of
another.

Answer 21

FRICTION

Question 22

which occurs when two objects are not moving relative to each other

Answer 22

Static Friction,

Question 23

which occurs when two objects move relative to each other and one “rolls”
on the other

Answer 23

Rolling Friction,

Question 24

which occurs when two objects move relative to each other and rub together

Answer 24

Kinetic Friction,

Question 25

which occurs when two objects rub against each other

Answer 25

Sliding Friction,

Question 26

which occurs when a solid object moves through a liquid or gas

Answer 26

Fluid Friction,

Question 27

is the gradual removal, damaging or displacement of material at solid surfaces.

Answer 27

Wear

Question 28

Occurs when a hard, rough surface slides across a softer surface.

Answer 28

Abrasive Wear

Question 29

Occurs due to unwanted displacement and attachment of wear debris from one surface to another.

Answer 29

Adhesive Wear

Question 30

Occurs due to repeated cyclical rubbing between two surfaces.

Answer 30

Fretting Wear

Question 31

Occurs when solid or liquid particles impinge against the surface of an object

Answer 31

Erosive Wear

Question 32

Occurs when the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading; and Corrosion/Oxidation Wear, which occurs due to chemical reactions between worn materials and a corroding medium.

Answer 32

Surface Fatigue

Question 33

The process, or technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity by inter-posing a substance called ”lubricant” between moving surfaces to prevent metal-to-metal contact.

Answer 33

LUBRICATION

Question 34

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS

Answer 34

Liquid Solid Gaseous Semi Solid

Question 34

FUNCTION OF LUBRICANTS

Answer 34

Sealing Cooling Rust Prevention Lubrication Cleaning

Question 35

Analyze and interpret data from tribology experiments and real-world applications to understand wear mechanisms and lubricant performance.

Answer 35

TRIBOLOGIST

Question 36

Lubrication is the process, or technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity by inter-posing a substance called ”lubricant” between moving surfaces to prevent metal-to-metal contact.

Answer 36

Lubrication?

Question 37

Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil

Answer 37

90% by volume

Question 38

BASE OIL + ADDITIVES

Answer 38

OIL LUBRICANTS

Question 39

Also called as “Crude oil”.

Answer 39

Petroleum

Question 40

-Locating oil deep beneath the earth surface

Answer 40

Oil Detection

Question 41

-Creation of oil well

Answer 41

Drilling

Question 42

-Oil extraction from the -Oil reservoir to collection plant

Answer 42

Production

Question 43

-Oil transportation from -Production site to Refinery -by (road, rail, sea, pipeline)

Answer 43

Transportation

Question 44

-Refining petroleum to different components by distillation process.

Answer 44

Refinery

Question 45

The hydrocarbons (compounds) differ in their hydrocarbon chain lengths, resulting in different boiling points: The longer the chain, the higher the boiling point. Refiners lump certain compounds into groups called fractions.

Answer 45

Petroleum Refinery

Question 46

are chemical compounds that improve the lubricant performance of base oil (or oil "base stock") to impart desirable new characteristics.

Answer 46

Additives

Question 47

is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

Answer 47

Viscosity

Question 48

Key Factors to Consider in selecting the right lubricant:

Answer 48

1. Speed 2. Load 3. Temperature

Question 49

show its sensitivity to temperature fluctuations

Answer 49

Viscosity Index

Question 49

SAE AGMA ISO

Answer 49

Society of Automotive Engineers American Gear Manufacturers Association International Standards Organization

Question 50

The temperature at which a lubricant flashes in a test flame. This helps evaluate a lubricant's fire resistance.

Answer 50

Flash point

Question 51

It is the lowest temperature at which the oil burns continuously.

Answer 51

Fire Point

Question 52

The lowest temperature at which a lubricant will flow as a liquid. This property is important for determining whether a lubricant is suitable for cold climates or operating conditions.

Answer 52

Pour point

Question 53

A lubricant's ability to resist decomposition when exposed to temperature changes.

Answer 53

Thermal stability

Question 54

A lubricant's ability to separate water from the liquid. This property is important in applications where the hydraulic system is exposed to water, such as marine environments or construction sites.

Answer 54

Demulsibility

Question 55

A lubricating oil, when mixed with water, loses its lubricating properties. The emulsification number is an index of the tendency of an oil to emulsify with water.

Answer 55

Emulsification

Question 56

Like iron and steel, when exposed to moisture and oxygen, it will react, forming an oxide that may lead to extensive pitting and eventually results in weakness and disintegration of the metal, leading to failure.

Answer 56

Corrosion prevention

Question 57

A lubricant's property that allows it to give lower coefficients of friction than another fluid of the same viscosity.

Answer 57

Oiliness

Question 58

are compounds that prevent crystallization of waxes. Long chain alkylbenzenes adhere to small crystallites of wax, preventing crystal growth.

Answer 58

Pour point depressants

Question 58

are typically silicone compounds which increase surface tension in order to discourage foam formation.

Answer 58

Anti-foaming agents

Question 59

are compounds that allow lubricants to remain viscous at higher temperatures. Typical VIIs are polyacrylates and butadiene.

Answer 59

Viscosity index improvers (VIIs)

Question 60

are usually alkaline materials, such as alkylsulfonate salts, that absorb acids that would corrode metal parts.

Answer 60

Corrosion inhibitors (rust inhibitors)

Question 60

suppress the rate of oxidative degradation of the hydrocarbon molecules within the lubricant. At low temperatures, free radical inhibitors such as hindered phenols are used, e.g. butylated hydroxytoluene. At temperatures >90 °C, where the metals catalyze the oxidation process, dithiophosphates are more useful. In the latter application the additives are called metal deactivators.

Answer 60

Antioxidants

Question 60

form protective 'tribofilms' on metal parts, suppressing wear. They come in two classes depending on the strength with which they bind to the surface. Popular examples include phosphate esters and zinc dithiophosphates.

Answer 60

Anti-wear additives

Question 61

ensure the cleanliness of engine components by preventing the formation of deposits on contact surfaces at high temperatures.

Answer 61

Detergents

Question 62

form protective films on sliding metal parts. These agents are often sulfur compounds, such as dithiophosphates.

Answer 62

Extreme pressure (anti-scuffing) additives

Question 63

reduce friction and wear, particularly in the boundary lubrication regime where surfaces come into direct contact.

Answer 63

Friction modifiers

Question 64

Tribology is the science and engineering of understanding ------,-----------,-----------phenomena for interacting surfaces in relative motion.

Answer 64

friction, lubrication and wear

Question 65

Guillaume Amontons' laws of friction

Answer 65

(1699):

Question 66

Invention of the ball bearing

Answer 66

(1794):

Question 67

Development of the ISO viscosity classification system

Answer 67

(1921):

Question 68

Introduction of elastohydrodynamic lubrication

Answer 68

(1949):

Question 69

The applications of tribology include;

Answer 69

▪Individual components (gears, bearings, brakes, etc.) ▪Assemblies (engines, pocket watches, etc.) ▪Manufacturing processes (rolling, turning, grinding, stamping, etc.) ▪Construction (mine slurry pumps, oil drilling rig, excavator, etc.) ▪Natural phenomena (water/wind erosion, plate tectonics, etc.)

Question 70

Lubrication is the process, or technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity by inter-posing a substance called

Answer 70

lubricant

Question 71

OIL LUBRICANTS

Answer 71

BASE OIL + ADDITIVES

Question 72

The word petroleum comes from Latin words Petra & Oleum meaning

Answer 72

“Rock oil”

Question 73

Petroleum and natural gas were formed from marine microorganisms. These were covered by layers of silt and sand

Answer 73

300-400 million years ago.

Question 74

Refiners lump certain compounds into groups called

Answer 74

fractions

Question 75

The oldest and most common way to separate them is

Answer 75

fractional distillation:

Question 76

Group 1,2,3 are considered Group 4 & 5

Answer 76

MINERAL BASE OIL, SYNTHETIC BASE OIL.

Question 77

OEM

Answer 77

Original Equipment Manufacturer

Question 78

* The flash point

Answer 78

(typically 225 degrees C or 440 degrees F for mineral oils)