Mat Sci Lesson 1 & 2

Question 1

is an applied science
concerned with the relationship between the
structure and properties of materials.

Answer 1

Materials science

Question 2

Materials science is an applied science
concerned with the relationship between the

Answer 2

structure and properties

Question 3

are substances used
in the design and manufacture of engineering
components, machines, and structures.

Answer 3

Engineering materials

Question 4

Why Study Materials Engineering?

Answer 4

Materials Selection
Failure Prevention
Performance Limit
Innovation

Question 5

People used only natural
materials, like stone, clay, skin,
and wood for the purposes like
to make weapons, instruments,
shelter, etc.

Answer 5

Stone Age

Question 6

Characterized by the dominant use
of iron and steel for tools and
weapons.
It was not a single global event but
a technological transition that
occurred at different times across
the world.

Answer 6

Iron Age

Question 6

The transition from stone tools to
advanced metallurgy, specifically
the creation of bronze by alloying
copper with tin.

Answer 6

Bronze Age

Question 7

The first inexpensive

industrial method for mass-
producing steel.

Answer 7

Bessemer process

Question 7

The industrial-scale production of steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It signifies
the shift from using brittle, low-quality iron to durable steel, enabling massive
infrastructural developments like railroads, skyscrapers, and modern machinery.

Answer 7

Steel Age - Mid 19th century

Question 8

Shift from mechanical to electronic technology, defined by inventions like transistors,
computers, and space technology.
It enabled instantaneous global communication and accelerated space exploration
through satellites, computers, and advanced electronics, transforming, and often
shrinking, physical space.

Answer 8

Space & Electronic Age (1930s to the 1980s)

Question 9

brought tools and utensils.

Answer 9

Iron Age

Question 10

brought railroads, instruments, and the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 10

Steel Age

Question 11

brought the materials for stronger and light structures like
composite materials.

Answer 11

Space Age

Question 12

brought semiconductors, and thus many varieties of
electronic gadgets.

Answer 12

Electronic Age

Question 13

a fundamental
concept in materials science
and engineering used to
understand how materials
behave and how engineers
design them.

Answer 13

Processing- Structure-
Property- Performance (PSPP)

relationship,

Question 14

to predict behavior

Answer 14

Forward modeling

Question 15

to design better materials

Answer 15

Inverse modeling

Question 16

Examples of Processing

Answer 16

Casting
● Heat treatment
● Rolling
● Welding
● Additive manufacturing

Question 16

refers to the manufacturing methods
used to produce a material.

Answer 16

Processing

Question 17

refers to the internal arrangement of
atoms, grains, and phases inside the material.

Answer 17

Structure

Question 18

Levels of structure include:

Answer 18

● Atomic structure
● Crystal structure
● Microstructure (grain size, phase distribution)

Question 18

are the measurable characteristics of a
material.

Answer 18

Properties

Question 19

describes how the material behaves in its
real application.

Answer 19

Performance

Question 20

Focus: Structure Properties

Answer 20

Scientist

Question 21

Focus: Processing Performance

Answer 21

Engineer

Question 22

refers to the process of analyzing and measuring the structure, composition, and properties of materials to understand how they behave and perform in different conditions.

Answer 22

Characterization of Materials

Question 23

are materials composed of metallic elements and exhibit good electrical and thermal conductivity, strength, and ductility. General Characteristics: ● High strength ● Good ductility and toughness ● Can be plastically deformed ● Good thermal and electrical conductivity

Answer 23

Metals

Question 24

Ferrous metals contain iron as a major component, while non- ferrous metals have little to no iron content.

Answer 24

Ferrous metals: Steel, cast iron ● Non-ferrous metals: Aluminum, copper, titanium

Question 25

are materials made of long-chain molecules consisting mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements. General Characteristics: ● Lightweight ● Low strength compared to metals ● Good corrosion resistance ● Low thermal and electrical conductivity

Answer 25

Polymers

Question 26

harden permanently when heated

Answer 26

Thermosets

Question 27

can be reheated and reshaped

Answer 27

Thermoplastics

Question 28

rubber-like elasticity Examples: Rubber, silicone

Answer 28

Elastomers

Question 29

are materials made by combining two or more distinct materials to achieve better properties than the individual components. Examples: ● Fiberglass ● Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) ● Reinforced concrete

Answer 29

Composites

Question 29

are inorganic, non-metallic materials composed of metallic and non- metallic elements bonded together. General Characteristics: ● High hardness ● High melting temperature ● Brittle behavior ● Excellent resistance to heat and corrosion

Answer 29

Ceramics

Question 30

provides strength and stiffness

Answer 30

Reinforcement

Question 31

holds the material together

Answer 31

Matrix

Question 32

are materials developed using advanced processing techniques to meet present-day engineering requirements such as high performance, efficiency, sustainability, and reliability.

Answer 32

Modern materials

Question 33

are engineered materials developed to exhibit superior or specialized properties that conventional materials cannot provide, often designed for high-performance and emerging engineering applications.

Answer 33

Advanced materials

Question 34

are next-generation materials currently under research or early application, designed to meet emerging technological, environmental, and performance demands beyond the capabilities of existing materials.

Answer 34

Future materials

Question 35

refers to the arrangement of a substance's components, from atoms to larger grains and overall shape, dictating properties like strength, stiffness, and flexibility, with common classifications which is critical for engineering performance.

Answer 35

Material structure

Question 36

Materials science connects

Answer 36

processing → structure → properties → performance,

Question 37

Occurs between metal and non-metal ● Electrons are transferred ● Strong bonding but brittle behavior ● Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Answer 37

A. Ionic Bonding

Question 37

Key level of structure:

Answer 37

● Atomic Structure ● Crystal Structure ● Microscopic/ Microstructure ● Macroscopic/ Macrostructure

Question 38

How atoms bond and arrange, forming crystal lattices or amorphous states.

Answer 38

ATOMIC OR ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE

Question 39

Atoms share electrons ● Very strong bonds ● Poor electrical conductivity ● Example: Diamond, silicon

Answer 39

B. Covalent Bonding

Question 40

● Positive ions surrounded by a “sea” of free electrons ● Responsible for conductivity and ductility of metals ● Example: Iron, copper

Answer 40

C. Metallic Bonding

Question 41

regular, repeating pattern (Ex. metals, salt) Ordered arrangement = Higher strength and Conductivity

Answer 41

Crystalline:

Question 42

random arrangement (Ex. glass, plastics) Disordered arrangement = Lower strength but more flexible.

Answer 42

Amorphous:

Question 43

Crystalline solids have atoms arranged in a regular, repeating pattern called a

Answer 43

crystal lattice.

Question 44

is the basic building block of a crystal structure that repeats in three dimensions to form the entire crystal.

Answer 44

unit cell

Question 45

refers to the small-scale structural features of a material which is visible under magnification greater than 25x.

Answer 45

Microstructure

Question 46

– small crystals making up the material

Answer 46

Grains

Question 47

Smaller grains

Answer 47

stronger material

Question 48

interfaces between grains

Answer 48

Grain boundaries

Question 49

describes how grain size affects the strength of a material. It states that materials with smaller grains are stronger and harder than those with larger grains.

Answer 49

Hall–Petch relationship

Question 50

refers to the structural features of a material that can be observed with the naked eye or with low magnification (typically less than 10×).

Answer 50

Macrostructure

Question 50

A missing atom in the crystal lattice. Common in metals at high temperatures.

Answer 50

Vacancies

Question 51

- Small voids or empty spaces within a material. Often formed during casting or manufacturing.

Answer 51

Pores

Question 52

– tiny secondary phases inside the matrix.

Answer 52

Precipitates / particles

Question 52

A line defect where atoms are misaligned in the lattice. Dislocations enable plastic deformation of metals.

Answer 52

Dislocations

Question 53

Foreign particles or impurities trapped inside the material. For example, oxide particles in metals.

Answer 53

Inclusions

Question 54

Atoms at the 8 corners of the cube and 1 atom at the center

Answer 54

Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)

Question 55

Atoms at the corners and at the center of each face of the cube

Answer 55

Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)

Question 56

Hexagonal layers stacked in an ABAB pattern

Answer 56

Hexagonal Close- Packed (HCP)

Question 57

Made from a single continuous silicon crystal

Answer 57

Monocrystalline

Question 58

Made from multiple silicon crystals melted together

Answer 58

Polycrystalline

Question 59

Made by depositing thin layers of photovoltaic material (CdTe, a-Si, CIGS) on glass, plastic, or metal

Answer 59

Thin-Film

Question 60

often starts at grain boundaries.

Answer 60

Corrosion

Question 61

Atoms move faster along grain boundaries.

Answer 61

Diffusion

Question 62

May follow grain boundaries

Answer 62

Crack Propagration

Question 63

Regions with different compositions or structures

Answer 63

Phases

Question 64

Imperfections such as dislocations or vacancies

Answer 64

Defects

Question 65

Small secondary phase particles in the matrix

Answer 65

Precipitates or particles

Question 66

Determines fundamental properties such as electrical conductivity, melting point, and chemical behavior

Answer 66

Atomic Structure

Question 67

Influences mechanical behavior such as strength, ductility, and slip systems in metals

Answer 67

Crystal Structure

Question 68

Controls mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, toughness, fatigue resistance, and wear resistance

Answer 68

Microstructure

Question 69

Determines overall component performance, structural integrity, manufacturing quality, and failure behavior in engineering parts

Answer 69

Macrostructure

Question 70

Engineering materials are used in machines, components, and structures and material choice affects

Answer 70

strength, durability, safety, cost, and performance.