Embryology

Question 1

Which type of pregnancy is most likely to cause twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome?

Answer 1

Monochorionic, diamniotic twins

Question 2

What is the most common location where conjoined twins connect?

Answer 2

Thoracopagus

Question 3

Which teratogen must pregnant women be cautious of when consuming fish?

Which disease can this cause?

Answer 3

Mercury

Minamata disease

Question 4

Diethylstilbestrol caused which condition in children of mothers who took it?

Answer 4

Cervical + vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Question 5

List 4 signs in infants if the mum contracted toxoplasmosis in pregnancy.

Answer 5

Congenital deafness
Low birth weight
Inflammation of the retina
Jaundice

Question 6

List 3 signs of foetal alcohol syndrome.

Answer 6

Smooth philtrum
Thin upper lip
Small palpebral fissures

Question 7

What is the most common location for an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 7

Fallopian tube

Question 8

What is the most common location for an abdominal ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 8

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

Question 9

Which embryological process gives rise to the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?

Answer 9

Gastrulation

Question 10

The trophoblast becomes which 2 cell layers?

Answer 10

Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast

Question 11

Pain fibres in the uterus travel in which type of nerves?

Answer 11

Sympathetic nerves

Question 12

Which scan is used to detect Down syndrome in pregnancy?

Answer 12

Nuchal translucency scan

Question 13

A mutation in which gene causes achondroplasia?

Answer 13

FGFR3

Question 14

What is the underlying pathology of achondroplasia?

Answer 14

Cartilage cannot be converted to bone

Question 15

List 4 structures which arise from surface ectoderm.

Answer 15

Anterior pituitary (Rathke pouch)
Epidermis
Eye lens
Mammary glands

Question 16

List 4 structures which arise from the neural tube.

Answer 16

CNS cells
Posterior pituitary
Retina
Spinal cord

Question 17

List 5 structures which arise from the neural crest.

Answer 17

Autonomic nerves
Cranial nerves
Facial + skull bones
Melanocytes
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

Question 18

Which structure does the notochord become?

Answer 18

Nucleus pulposus

Question 19

List 10 structures which arise from the mesoderm.

Answer 19

Adrenal cortex
Bones (except facial / skull)
Connective tissue
Muscle
Myocardium
Kidneys
Ureteers
Gonads
Serous lining of body cavities
Spleen

Question 20

List 6 structures which arise from the endoderm.

Answer 20

Epithelial lining of GI tract
Liver
Pancreas
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus

Question 21

What is the most common cause of respiratory distress in the newborn period?

Answer 21

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN)

Question 22

What causes transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN)

Answer 22

Delayed clearance of foetal lung fluid

Question 23

Which cells produce surfactant?

Answer 23

Type 2 pneumocytes