Embryology Flashcards by Rachael Petry

Where is sonic hedgehog gene produced?

base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does sonic hedgehog gene do?

Patterning along anterior-posterior axis

- CNS development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can result from sonic hedgehog mutation?

holoprosencephaly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is Wnt-7 gene produced?

apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developing limb)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Wnt-7 gene for?

proper organization along dorsal ventral axis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is FGF gene produced?

apical ectodermal ridge

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does FGF gene do?

stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm (providing for lengthening of limbs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do the homeobox genes do?

involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can hox mutations cause?

appendages in wrong locations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: PNS

Neural crest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: CNS

neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: Adenohypophysis

Surface ectoderm (Rathke pouch)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: Muscle

mesoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: anal canal above pectinate line

endoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: gut tube endothelium

endoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: C cells of thyroid

neural crest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: retina and optic nerve

Neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: epithelial linings of oral cavity

surface ectoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: bone

mesoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: lens of eye

surface ectoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: Pia and arachnoid mater

neural crest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: urethra

endoderm (derived from UG sinus)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: connective tissue

mesoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: Lymphatics and blood

mesoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin: bones of skull

neural crest

Origin: anal canal below pectinate line

surface ectoderm

Origin: parotid, sweat, and mammary glands

Surface ectoderm

Origin: melanocytes

neural crest

Origin: chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

neural crest

Origin: lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells,e ustacian tube

endoderm

Origin: nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

notochord

Origin: spleen

mesoderm

Origin: vagina, kidneys, testes, ovaries

Mesoderm (intermediate)

Origin: Ondontoblasts

neural crest cells

Origin: adrenal cortex

mesoderm

Origin: dermis

mesoderm

Origin: epidermis

surface ectoderm

Origin: sensory organs of ear and olfactory epithelium

surface ectoderm

Origin: aorticopulmonary septum

neural crest

Origin: peritoneum

Mesoderm

Origin: CV structures

mesoderm

Teratogenic effects: ACE inhibitors

renal damage

Teratogenic effects: alkylating agents

absence of digits | multiple anomalies

Teratogenic effects: aminoglycosides

CN VIII toxicity

Teratogenic effects: carbamazepine

``` Neural tube defects craniofacial defects fingernail hypoplasia developmental delay IUGR ```

Teratogenic effects: DES

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma | congenital Mullerian anomalies

Teratogenic effects: folate antagonists

neural tube defects

Teratogenic effects: lithium

Ebstein anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)

Teratogenic effects: methimazole

aplasia cutis congenita

Teratogenic effects: phenytoin

fetal hydantoin syndrome (microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, intellectual disability)

Teratogenic effects: tetracyclines

discolored teeth

Teratogenic effects: thalidomide

limb defects (phocomelia, micromelia)

Teratogenic effects: valproate

inhibition of maternal folate absorption (neural tube defects)

Teratogenic effects: warfarin

Bone deformities Fetal hemorrhage Abortion Ophthalmologic abnormalities

Teratogenic effects: cocaine

abnormal fetal growth fetal addiction placental abruption

Teratogenic effects: smoking

- Low birth weight - Preterm labor - Placental problems - IUGR - ADHD

Teratogenic effects: Iodine

``` congenital goiter (due to EXCESS) hypothyroidism (cretinism due to LACK) ```

Teratogenic effects: maternal diabetes

- Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia) - Congenital heart defects - Neural tube defects

Teratogenic effects: vitamin A excess

- Spontaneous abortions | - Birth defects (cleft palate, heart abnormalities)

Teratogenic effects: x-rays

Microcephaly | Intellectual disability

Smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism

FAS

Number of umbilical arteries

Number of umbilical veins

What are the umbilical arteries and veins derived from?

allantois

When is the allantois formed?

3rd week (extends from yolk sac into UG sinus)

What does the allantois become?

urachus (duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac)

What are long-term consequencesof urachal cyst?

infection | adenocarcinoma

What is the omphalo-mesenteric duct?

vitelline duct

When does the vitelline duct obliterate?

7th week

Is a Meckel diverticulum true or false?

true

Where do branchial clefts (grooves) arise from?

ectoderm

Where do branchial arches arise from?

``` mesoderm (muscles, arteries) neural crest (bones, cartilage) ```

Where do branchial pouches arise from?

endoderm

What does 1st branchial cleft form?

external auditory meatus

What is a persistent cervical sinus (2nd-4th branchial cleft)?

branchial cleft cyst (lateral neck)

Which branchial arch forms: Mandible Malleus, incus sphenoMandibular ligament

1st

``` Which branchial arch forms: Thryoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoids Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage ```

4th-6th

``` Which branchial arch forms: Stapes Styloid process Lesser horn of hyoid Stylohyoid ligament ```

2nd

Which branchial arch forms the greater horn of the hyoid?

3rd

Which branchial arch forms muscles of mastication?

1st

Which branchial arch forms stylopharyngeus?

3rd

Which branchial arch forms muscles of facial expression and stapedius?

2nd

Which branchial arch forms all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid?

6th

Which branchial arch forms most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, and levator veli palatini?

4th

What nerves innervate 1st branchial arch?

V2 and V3

What nerves innervate 2nd branchial arch?

CN VII

What nerve innervates 3rd branchial arch?

CN IX

What nerve innervates 4th branchial arch?

Superior laryngeal branch of X

What nerve innervates 6th branchial arch?

Recurrent laryngeal branch of X

What is Treacher Collins?

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate

What is congenital pharyngo-cutaneous fistula?

persistence of cleft and pouch (2nd) so get fistula between tonsilar area and lateral neck

What arches for posterior 1/3 of tongue?

3 and 4

What is the mnemonic for branchial arch derivatives?

When at the golden arches, children CHEW (1), SMILE (2) then swallow STYLishly (3) or simply SWALLOW (4) then SPEAK (6)

What does 1st branchial pouch become?

Endoderm-lined structures of ear

What does 2nd branchial pouch become?

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

What does 3rd branchial pouch become?

- Dorsal wings (inferior parathyroids) | - Ventral wings (thalamus)

What does the 4th branchial pouch become?

-Dorsal winges (superior parathyroids)

Male gubernaculum remnant

anchors testes within scrotum

Female gubernaculum remnant

ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus

Processus vaginalis male remnant

TUnica vaginalis

Processus vaginalis female remnant

obliterated

Embryology Flashcards

(101 cards)