Firm (Stretch)
Examples:
Ankle Dorsiflexion
Finger Extension
Hip Medial Rotation
Forearm SupinationHard (Bone to Bone)
Examples:
Elbow Extension
Soft (Soft Tissue Approximation)
Examples:
Elbow Flexion
Knee Flexion
Abnormal: Empty (cannot reach end-feel, usually due to pain)
Examples:
Joint inflammation
Fracture
Bursitis
Abnormal: Firm
Examples:
Increased Tone
Tightening of the capsule
Ligament Shortening
Abnormal: Hard
Examples:
Fracture
Osteoarthritis
Osteophyte Formation
Abnormal: Soft
Examples:
Edema
Synovitis
Ligament instability / tear