Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(74 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Amino Acids and Peptide derivatives Characteristics

A

water soluble, protein based, easy to get around body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lipid Characteristics

A

-Bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma
-Longer circulation than peptide hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of Lipid Hormones

A

Androgens, Estrogens and progesterone, Corticosteroids, Calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones (7)

A

ACTH , TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH

all the girls play funny love movies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Posterior Lobe Hormones (2)

A

Releases ADH, OXT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thyroid Gland (2 hormones)

A

makes calcitonin and thyroid hormone, regulates energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parathyroid Glands (2 function and 1 hormone)

A

-makes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- controls calcium metabolism,
- responsible for action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thymus

A

produces thymosin which regulates immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Salt, Sugar, Sex
  • Produces aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone, epinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gonads

A

makes testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Leptin & Ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Kidneys

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) & Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ADH (Posterior Pituitary Hormone)

  • Target
  • Action
A

Target: collecting duct of kidney
Action: Retains water (Prevents peeing) to control blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A
  • happens when there is too much ADH
  • Symptoms:
    High blood pressure
    can’t get rid of waste
    kidney failure
    strokes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Too little ADH causes this. Symptoms include:

low blood pressure
Fainting
thirst
a lot of peeing
hyponatremia (low sodium - spasms and seizures because resting potential is higher/closer to resting potential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oxytocin (Posterior Pituitary Hormone)

A

Target: smooth muscle
Action: Smooth muscle contraction (labor), milk let down, neurotransmitters associated with attachment, intimacy, infatuation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Anterior Pituitary Hormones )

A
  • made by TRH from hypothalamus
  • Target: Thyroid gland
    Action: makes thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thyroid Hormones (made in Thyroid Gland)(Action)

A

Target: All cells
Action: Affect all cells’ metabolism, increase energy production and use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Symptoms: nervous, lose weight, constantly hot, jittery, trouble sleeping, too much energy

treatment can involve taking out a bit of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Symptoms: sleepy. Tired, cold, gain weight

Causes can involve lack of iodine

Treatment: give synthetic thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
(Anterior Pituitary)

A
  • comes from CRH
    Target: Adrenal gland
    Action: makes aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does too much ACTH do?

A

High BP and hypernatremia (high sodium) due to too many mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does too less ACTH do

A

Adrenal insufficiency leads to weight loss, lack of appetite (anorexia), weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure (hypotension).

  • Hyponatremia because of peeing out all salt
  • addison’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Prolactin (PRL) (Anterior Pituitary Hormones)
Two types - Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) & Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) Target: breast tissue Action: Increases milk production
26
Growth Hormone (Anterior Pituitary Hormone)
Target: muscles and bones Action: Bone and muscle growth & lengthening
27
Gigantism
- happens in children and makes them very tall
28
Acromegaly
- too much growth hormone in adults - broader and more muscular but not taller
29
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (Anterior Pituitary Hormones)
- released by GnRH Targets: Gonads Action: make estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
30
Estrogen
Cause egg follicle maturation, leads to secondary female characteristic - fat distribution - produced in ovaries
31
Progesterone
stabilizes uterus lining, necessary for pregnancy - breast tissue - produced by ovaries
32
Androgen and Testoterone
- stimulated by FSH and LH in males
33
Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland Hormone)
Target: Bones (osteoclasts & osteoblasts) Action: put extra calcium in bone and stop it’s break done Works opposite of parathyroid hormone
34
Parathyroid Hormone (comes from Parathyroid Gland)
Target: skeleton and kidney Action: Release calcium from bone and tell kidney to retain calcium
35
What does too much parathyroid cause
osteopenia and osteoporosis - lower bone density
36
What does too little parathyroid cause
Hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) - messes with action potentials, causes seizures, messes with exocytosis
37
Where are the mineralcorticoids, glucocoritocids, and etc?
adrenal cortex
38
Mineralocorticoids
produces aldosterone which regulates salt and blood pressure - the aldosterone is then released by the adrencorticopic hormone in anterior pituitary
39
What does too much aldosterone do?
high blood pressure & hypernatremia - high sodium
40
What does too little aldosterone do?
Adison’s Disease & hyponatremia - pee out all the salt
41
Glucocortiocids are?
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) - stress hormone Release extra glucose (body needs the extra energy from sugar)
42
Cushing Syndrome
- caused by too many glucocorticoids -Depressed cartilage and bone formation Suppressed immune system Inhibition of inflammation Disruption of neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function.
43
Addison's Disease
Addison's Disease results from a deficit in both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Symptoms: Weight loss Severe dehydration Hypotension Bronze skin
44
Gonadocorticoids (Adrenal Sex Hormones)
Weak androgens (male sex hormones) are converted to testosterone in tissue cells, with some converted to estrogens.
45
Gonadocorticoid Function in Females
Increased muscle mass, energy, and aggression. Enhanced libido. Source of estrogens in postmenopausal women. - excess can cause masculinization
46
Adrenal Medulla:
Releases adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
47
Function of adrenaline and norepinephrine
Increase heart rate and blood sugar levels. Divert blood flow to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. Induce vasoconstriction. Response to sympathetic stimulus, often referred to as the fight or flight response.
48
Too much stimulation of Adrenal Medulla causes?
Symptoms similar to hyperthyroidism: Hyperglycemia Increased metabolic rate Rapid heartbeat Palpitations Hypertension Intense nervousness Sweating
49
Pancrease (Location and Function)
Location: Behind the stomach. Functions: Produces insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to each other. Acts as both an endocrine and exocrine organ due pancreatic islets and acinar cells
50
Acinar Cells
(exocrine) produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion in pancreas
51
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
contain Alpha and Beta cells (endocrine cells)
52
Alpha Cells
produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)
53
Beta Cells
produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
54
Glucagon
Target: Liver Action: Releases sugar into the blood. Stimulates gluconeogenesis, producing glucose by breaking down glycogen. Triggered by decreased blood glucose levels.
55
Insulin
Target: Various cells in the body, especially adipocytes and muscle cells. Action: Puts sugar into cells, thus reducing blood glucose levels. Inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose. Secreted when blood glucose levels increase.
56
What happens when there is excess insulin
Causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose levels. Symptoms may include anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, and even death. Treatment involves sugar ingestion. - causes hyperinsulism
57
What happens when there is too little insulin
Type 1 Diabetes or Type 2 which causes Scar tissue formation in organs and Strain on the kidneys.
58
Diabetes Mellitus 1
Hyposecretion (little secretion) of insulin due to the immune system attacking Beta cells that produce insulin.
59
Diabetets Mellitus 2
Hypoactivity of insulin (too much secretion) due to the pancreas becoming tired of producing excessive insulin. - insulin resistance so pancreas produces more insulin
60
What are the three signs of diabetes
1. Polyuria 2. Polydispia 3. Polyphagia
61
Polyuria
Excessive urine output due to glucose acting as an osmotic diuretic.
62
Polydispia
Excessive thirst resulting from water loss due to polyuria.
63
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger and food consumption because cells cannot take up glucose and are "starving."
64
Consequences of Too little estrogen
infertility
65
consequences of too much estrogen
Infertility and lack of female characteristics.
66
What does too little progesterone cause
Infertility due to an unstable uterus lining.
67
Leptin (adipose tissue hormone)
Functions: Appetite control. Stimulates increased energy expenditure. Detects fat and sugar to signal the body is full.
68
Ghrelin (Adipose Tissue Hormone)
Signals the brain that the body is hungry.
69
Erythroproteins (Kidneys)
Increases the production of red blood cells. Target: Bone marrow.
70
What do too little erythroproteins cause
Aplastic Anemia: Not making red blood cells because the kidneys have issues.
71
Renin (kidneys)
- Initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) mechanism which regulates bp -Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
72
73
74
Anatomy and Physiology
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions