Energy

Question 1

Electrophysical agent

Answer 1

• Form of therapy used in rehab that produces a change in soft tissue through light, water, temp, sound, or electricity
• these include transcutaneous electrical nerve stim (TENS), ultrasound, whirlpool, hot and cold packs, and other modalities
• application and removal of energy from biological tissue in order to stimulate that tissue to perform its normal function

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

• The capacity of a system for doing work or its equivalent in the strict physical sense
• energy is manifested in various forms: motion (kinetic), potential, light, heat, ionizing radiation, and sound
• neither created nor destroyed

Question 3

Radient energy

Answer 3

• Process by which energy of various forms travels through space
• all substances with temps above absolute zero (-273 degrees Celcius) emit radiant energy
• occurs when sufficient electrical or chemical force is applied to an object
• explained by combo of 2 theories
• quantum theory
• electromagnetic wave theory
• thought of as a packet or particles of energy carried along by propagating waves
• constant velocity
• radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light waves, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays

Question 4

Quantum theory

Answer 4

• pocket of energy-photon
• produced by high velocity electronic or molecular motion or transformed kinetic energy released when molecules collide
• E (quantum)= H (planck’s constant) X f (frequency)
• the higher the frequency the higher the photon energy> potentially destructive

Question 5

Electromagnetic wave theory

Answer 5

• Energy is tranmitted by oscillatory motion i the form of electromagnetic waves
• composed of electric and magnetic fields that vary over time and are oriented perpendicular to each other> electromagnetic wave
• can propagate without the need of a medium (travel through vacuum)
• velocity= wavelength X frequency
• the shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency

Question 6

radient energy: frequency vs energy

Answer 6

• quantum theory states if frequency is low, energy must be low
• electromagnetic theory states if frequency is low then wavelength is long (high)
• so, therapeutic modalities at low electromagnetic frequencies have relatively long wavelengths and low amounts of energy , and are safe to apply to human system

Question 7

radient energy: lower frequency electromagnetic radiation

Answer 7

• ELF waves, short waves, microwaves, IR radiation, visible light, and Ultraviolet A & B radiation
• nonionizing: can inhibit cell division, break molecular bones and form ions
• potentially destructive

Question 8

Laws governing effects of electromagnetic radiation

Answer 8

• Arndt-Schultz
• law of Grotthus-Draper
• cosine law
• inverse square law
• Bunsen Roscoe law of reciprocity

Question 9

Arndt-Schultz principle

Answer 9

The energy absorbed must be sufficient so as to stimulate the absorbing tissues

• too much energy absorbed may impair normal function to tissues
• Examples
  
  • E-stim for muscle contraction, current intensity must be strong enough to cause depolarization of the nerve
  • Heat to increase tissue elongation. must be intense enough to increase viscoelastic properties of tissue

Question 10

Law of Grotthus-Draper

Answer 10

If energy is not absorbed by the superficial tissue then it will penetrate to deeper tissues
* ex 1MHz US will be more efficient in treating deeper tissues than 3 MHz US

Question 11

Cosine law

Answer 11

• the max amount of absorption of radiant energy occurs when the source is at right angles to the absorbing surface
• energy absorbed= energy available X cos
• more perpendicular to absorbing tissue= more energy absorbed

Question 12

inverse square law

Answer 12

the intensity of radiation striking the surface varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source
- move further away and intensity drops by a square of the distance

Question 13

Bunsen Roscoe law of reciprocity

Answer 13

• The intensity and duration of the dose of radiant energy are inversely proportional
• Energy (E)= intensity (I) X time (T)

Question 14

How do the laws work?`

Answer 14

To increase the amount of energy absorbed by the pt (dosage):

• inc treatment time
• inc treatment intensity
• lessen the distance of the source of energy to the pt
• make the source of energy more perpendicular to the absorbing surface

Question 15

Electromagnetic modalities

Answer 15

• E-stim
• biofeedback
• iontopphoresis
• short wave and microwave diathermy
• infrared
• UV
• low power laser

Question 16

Acoustic spectrum

Answer 16

• the range of frequencies and wavelengths of sound waves
• audible sound: frequencies between 16 and 20 KHz
• ultrasound-frequencies above 20 KHz
• therapeutic ranges- .75 and 3.3 MHz

Question 17

Acoustic modalities

Answer 17

• Therapeutic ultrasound
• phonophoresis
• US is thought as a mechanical modality

Question 18

Mechanical modalities

Answer 18

Mechanical traction
- cervical 
-lumbar
Compression
- external pumps
-Elastic bandages

Question 19

Phys agent categories: Thermal

Answer 19

• Deep heating: diathermy
• superficial heating: hot pack
• cooling: ice massage

Question 20

Phys agent categories: mechanical

Answer 20

• Traction: mechanical
• compression: elastic bandaging
• water: whirlpool
• sound: ultrasound

Question 21

Phys agent categories: electromagnetic

Answer 21

-Electric currents: interferential

electromagnetic fields: ultraviolet

Question 22

Precautions

Answer 22

Relative contraindications

- conditions where a particular phys agent should be applied with care or limits

Question 23

Contraindication

Answer 23

absolute

- conditions where the application of phys agent is unsafe or undesireable

Question 24

General contraindications

Answer 24

• Pregnancy
• malignancy
• pacemaker
• impaired sensation
• impaired mental status