ENT pathologies

Question 1

What diseases can cause conductive hearing loss (4)

Answer 1

Acute otitis media
Otitis media with effusion
Cholesteatoma
Otosclerosis

Question 2

what can cause sensorineural hearing loss (4)

Answer 2

drugs
Vestibular schwannoma
Presbycusis
Trauma

Question 3

signs of acute otitis media (3)

Answer 3

red ear
Burst ear drum leaking fluid
Severe pain

Question 4

difference between fluid in acute otitis media and glue ear

Answer 4

in glue ear the fluid is mot infected

Question 5

signs of otitis media with effusion/glue ear (3)

Answer 5

deafness
Poor behaviour
Balance issues
(NOT OTALGIA)

Question 6

Management options for glue ear (2)

Answer 6

grommets ±adenoidectomy
Hearing aides

Question 7

what is cholesteatoma

Answer 7

non-cancerous growth in middle ear (keratin)

Question 8

how can cholesteatoma arise

Answer 8

repeated infections cause ear drum collapse
This creates a pocket where dead cells collect

Question 9

management of cholesteatoma

Answer 9

Surgical excision and reconstruction

Question 10

what is otosclerois s

Answer 10

bony deposits on stapes footplate resulting in gradual onset (conductive) hearing loss

Question 11

management for otosclerosis

Answer 11

Stapedectomy

Question 12

Which cause of conductive hearing loss progresses more rapidly during pregnancy

Answer 12

otosclerosis

Question 13

what is presbycusis

Answer 13

a degenerative sensorineural hearing loss due to loss of outer hair cells (and loss of ganglion cells and atrial atrophy)

Question 14

Which drugs may induce sensorineural hearing loss (3)

Answer 14

gentamicin
Chemotherapy drugs
Aspirin or NSAIDs

Question 15

Where is a vestibular schwannoma found

Answer 15

inner auditory meatus of CNVIII nerve sheath

Question 16

signs of vestibular schwannoma (3)

Answer 16

tinnitus
Unilateral hearing loss
Balance issues

Question 17

How to investigate vestibular schwannoma

Answer 17

MRI

Question 18

which bone is affected when sensorineural hearing loss results from trauma

Answer 18

temporal bone

Question 19

signs of a trauma that could cause sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 19

battle sign - bruising behind ear

Question 20

possible causes of vertigo (5)

Answer 20

BPPV
Vestibular neuronitis
Labyrinthitis
Ménière’s disease
Migraines

Question 21

What does BPPV stand for

Answer 21

benign positional paroxysmal vertigo

Question 22

pathophysiology of BPPV

Answer 22

CaCO3 crystals in utricle become dislodged and fall into semi-circular canals when changing position

Question 23

Management for BPPV

Answer 23

Repositioning manoeuvres

Question 24

What is vestibular neuronitis

Answer 24

viral inflammation of vestibular nerve

Question 25

what is labyrinthitis

Answer 25

viral inflammation of vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 26

Management of migraines associated with vertigo

Answer 26

Abortive agents - triptans Prophylactic agents - propranolol, amitryptylline

Question 27

example causes of referred ear pain

Answer 27

tonsillitis Quinsy Dental abscess/other dental problem Salivary gland disease Ramsay hunt syndrome Infection of sinus Pathology of piriform fossa/larynx

Question 28

Presentation of viral tonsilitis (4)

Answer 28

malaise Sore throat Temperature Maybe lymphadenopathy

Question 29

presentation of bacterial tonsilitis (3)

Answer 29

Pus on tonsils Bad breath Pain swallowing

Question 30

Causative organism of infective mononucleosis

Answer 30

EBV

Question 31

presentation of glandular fever (3)

Answer 31

enlarged tonsils with pus Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly

Question 32

presentation of Quinsy (6)

Answer 32

Fever Sore throat Pain swallowing Trismus Palate concavity lost Displaced tonsil and uvula

Question 33

Management of peritonsilar abscess (2)

Answer 33

aspiration Antibiotics

Question 34

what must not be given in cases of infective mononucleosis

Answer 34

Amoxicillin

Question 35

management of infective mononucleosis

Answer 35

treat symptoms

Question 36

main symptoms of rhino-sinusitis (4)

Answer 36

blocked nose Loss of smell Discharge Facial pain

Question 37

what nose symptoms prompts urgent referral

Answer 37

unilateral discharge

Question 38

which type of rhinitis is nasal polyps associated with

Answer 38

non allergic

Question 39

management of nasal polyps

Answer 39

steroids Possibly surgery

Question 40

signs of airway obstruction

Answer 40

shortness of breath Coughing Chocking Stridor Stertor Hoarse voice

Question 41

possible causes of airway obstruction

Answer 41

tonsil enlargement Acute epiglottis Cancer Papillomatosis (cauliflower growths) Foreign bodies Subglottis stenosis Internal burns

Question 42

how to investigate airway obstruction

Answer 42

airway endoscopy

Question 43

what is the most common type of head and neck cancer

Answer 43

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 44

ear emergencies (5)

Answer 44

Pinna haematoma Ear laceration Temporal bone fractures Sudden sensorineural hearing loss Foreign bodies

Question 45

How is a pinna haematoma managed (3)

Answer 45

aspiration, draining, pressure dressing

Question 46

how are ear lacerations managed (3)

Answer 46

debridement Closure Possibly antibiotics

Question 47

What does a battle sign indicate

Answer 47

temporal bone fractures

Question 48

complications that can arise from temporal bone fractures

Answer 48

hearing loss Facial palsy Vertigo CSF leak

Question 49

nose emergencies (4)

Answer 49

septal haematoma Nasal fracture Nose bleed CSF leak

Question 50

Escalation of epistaxis treatment

Answer 50

topical vasoconstrictor Rhino packs bloods Arterial litigation Correct clotting

Question 51

neck emergencies (3)

Answer 51

stabbing Deep space neck infection Foreign body

Question 52

signs of deep space neck infection (5)

Answer 52

sore throat Limited neck movement Febrile Trismus Red neck