ENT summary

Question 1

What are the three ossicles

Answer 1

malleus
Incus
Stapes

Question 2

which skeletal muscles keep the ossicles in place (2)

Answer 2

tensor tympani
Stapedius tendon

Question 3

what structures does the Eustachian tube connect (2)

Answer 3

anterior wall of middle ear and nasopharynx

Question 4

Relevance of CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve) which ENT structures does it innervate (3)

Answer 4

tympanic membrane
Middle ear
Nasopharynx/oropharynx

Question 5

What is the laryngopharynx innervated by

Answer 5

vagus nerve

Question 6

what is inner ear innervated by

Answer 6

CNVIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

Question 7

where is the tympanic plexus found

Answer 7

lying over promontory in middle ear

Question 8

boundaries of inner ear

Answer 8

stapes to oval window

Question 9

what are the labyrinths of the inner ear, what do they each contain (2)

Answer 9

bony labyrinth contains perilymph
Membranous labyrinth contains endolymph

Question 10

What innervates the muscles of mastication

Answer 10

CNV3

Question 11

what innervates muscles of facial expression

Answer 11

CNVII (facial nerve)

Question 12

what innervates Stylopharyngeus

Answer 12

CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 13

What innervates cricothyroid and intrinsic laryngeal msucles

Answer 13

CNX vagus nerve

Question 14

how do brachial cleft cysts arise

Answer 14

cleft doesn’t involute properly

Question 15

physiology of hearing 8

Answer 15

1sound waves are channeled through external acoustic meatus
2Tympanic membrane vibrates 3ossicles transmit this vibration
4Footplate of stapes vibrates the opal window
5Pressure waves created in perilymph
6Hair cells in basement membrane are moved
7Action potentials are stimulated
8CNVIII carries information to superior temporal gyrus

Question 16

what structures are involved in balance (2)

Answer 16

semi circular canvas
Otolith organs

Question 17

where are taste buds found

Answer 17

within papilla on dorsum of tongue (and palate, epiglottis, and pharynx)

Question 18

how often are taste buds replaced

Answer 18

every ten days

Question 19

how often are olfactory receptors replaced

Answer 19

every two months

Question 20

requirements for a substance to be smelled (2)

Answer 20

must be volatile
Must be water soluble

Question 21

what diseases can cause conductive hearing loss (4)

Answer 21

acute otitis media
Otitis media with effusion
Cholesteatoma
Otosclerosis

Question 22

what can cause sensorineural hearing loss (4)

Answer 22

presbycusis
Drugs
Vestibular schwannoma
Trauma

Question 23

What are the three categories of dizziness

Answer 23

cardiac
Vestibular
Neurological

Question 24

which type of dizziness is vertigo classed as

Answer 24

vestibular

Question 25

Causes of vertigo (5)

Answer 25

BPPV Vestibular neuronitis Labyrinthitis Ménière’s disease Migraines

Question 26

Aetiology of vestibular neuronitis

Answer 26

Viral inflammation of vestibular nerve

Question 27

aetiology of Ménière’s disease

Answer 27

too much fluid in inner ear causes pressure, swelling, and inflammation

Question 27

aetiology of labyrinthitis

Answer 27

viral inflammation of vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 28

what nerves are involved in referred ear pain (4)

Answer 28

CNV3 CNVII (also nasal pathology) CNIX VNX

Question 29

Most likely bacterium to cause tonsillitis

Answer 29

strep pyogenes

Question 30

how to differentiate bacterial cause of tonsilitis from viral cause

Answer 30

bacterial associated with longer duration, pus on tonsils, bad breath, and painful swallowing

Question 31

complications of tonsilitis (2)

Answer 31

peritonsilar abscess/quinsy Glandular fever

Question 32

Management of peritonsilar abscess (2)

Answer 32

aspiration Antibiotics

Question 33

which virus causes glandular fever

Answer 33

EBV

Question 34

presentation of peritonsilar abscess (6)

Answer 34

fever Sore throat Painful swallowing Trismus Also displaced tonsil/uvulA Loss of palate concavity

Question 35

presentation of glandular fever (4)

Answer 35

Tonsillar enlargement Pus Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly

Question 36

Core symptoms of rhino-sinusitis (4)

Answer 36

blocked nose Loss of sense of smell Discharge Facial pain

Question 37

Affect of larynx being higher up in neonates

Answer 37

They are obligate nasal breathers

Question 38

signs of airway obstruction

Answer 38

SOB Coughing Choking Stridor Stertor Persistently hoarse voice

Question 39

What is Stertor

Answer 39

Low pitched snoring nose