What is the Clark Fisher Model?
A model showing how employment shifts from primary and secondary industries to tertiary and quaternary sectors, helping explain economic regeneration in post-industrial areas.
Why is regeneration needed?
Economic decline, social deprivation and environmental degradation
What is cumulative causation?
A process where success attracts further investment, while decline leads to further decline.
What is the multiplier effect?
New investment creates direct, indirect and induced jobs, spreading benefits through the local economy.
What is spatial inequality?
The uneven distribution of wealth, services and opportunities between different areas.
What is out-migration?
The movement of people, often young and skilled, out of declining areas.
Role of the public sector in regeneration
Provides funding, planning, policy and infrastructure to stimulate regeneration.
Role of the private sector in regeneration
Invests capital to make profit through development, retail, offices and housing.
What is partnership working?
Cooperation between public, private and community groups to deliver regeneration.
4 economic indicators of regeneration success
Employment rates, income levels, business investment and job creation.
4 social indicators of regeneration success
Education outcomes, health, crime rates and quality of life.
4 environmental indicators of regeneration success
Brownfield redevelopment, green space, reduced pollution and improved urban environment.
Why is regeneration difficult to evaluate?
Impacts are uneven, long-term, and depend on the stakeholder perspective.
