Why are PPPs used in regeneration?
To share risk, increase funding and deliver large-scale projects.
What are funding mechanisms in regeneration?
Public grants, private investment or joint funding used to finance regeneration.
How does funding affect regeneration outcomes?
Determines the scale, speed and longevity of regeneration projects.
What is a flagship regeneration project?
A high-profile development used to rebrand an area and attract investment.
What do the government do for management of regeneration?
-Investment in infrastructure
-Improve accessibility
-Working with partners
-Laws and policies
-Deregulation
Government strategy of Investment in infrastructure
-The transition to zero emission vehicles can support up to 40,000 new jobs.
-The recently launched Electric Vehicle Strategy, backed by £1.6bn, will create thousands of new jobs
Government strategy of Improving accessibility
-Highways Agency have committed £200m to build a bypass in Mottram, a busy road between Manchester & Sheffield
Government strategy of Working with partners
-BP are investing in the Electric Vehicle Strategy, above.
-Government will often contract out significant work, such as road networks
Government strategy of Laws and policies
-Leaving the EU has had consequences for areas which relied on migrant workers e.g. Lincolnshire.
-Current PM, Sunak, has ruled out fracking for the time being
Government strategy of Deregulation
-This means removing government rules around, for example, competition and investment.
-This started with mass privatisation in the 1980s
Why was regeneration needed in London Docklands?
-By the late 1960s, dock closures caused severe unemployment in riverside boroughs, with up to 25% of jobs lost.
-Large areas of land (over 5,100 acres) became derelict and people moved away.
-Local authorities lacked the resources to redevelop the area.
How was regeneration managed in London Docklands?
-In 1981, the Conservative government set up the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC).
-It was given strong planning powers, public funding and control over land to attract private investment.
-In 1982, Docklands was made an Enterprise Zone, reducing planning restrictions and offering financial incentives.
Why was transport important in Docklands regeneration?
-Improved transport was essential to attract businesses.
-The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) opened in 1987 and was later extended into central London in 1991.
-Better accessibility encouraged companies to move into Canary Wharf.
Who were the key stakeholders in London Docklands regeneration?
-The government and LDDC led planning and investment.
-Developers like Olympia & York built offices, supported by banks.
-TNCs such as HSBC and Barclays moved in, helping Docklands become a major financial centre.
What were the impacts of Docklands regeneration?
-The area was transformed into a modern business district with offices, shops and leisure facilities.
-However, rising house prices meant many local residents were forced to leave, and some jobs went to highly skilled workers from outside the area. -This caused social tension despite economic success
What do the councils/locals do for management of regeneration?
-Work spaces
-Home
-Local groups
-Local activism
-Trade unions
Council/local strategy of Work spaces
-Investment into retail, science parks. For example, Manchester Science Park opened in Hulme in 1994 attracting local and overseas investment
Council/local strategy of Homes
-Councils will work with building companies to allow/subsidise homes, including affordable homes.
-The regeneration of Salford Quays required affordable homes for locals
Council/local strategy of Local groups
-Greater Manchester Chamber of Commerce, the biggest in the UK, is committed to providing businesses with a platform to connect with other businesses, communicate their message and create opportunities for a skilled workforce
Council/local strategy of Local activism
-STAG (Sheffield Tree Action Group) are fighting against government and council decisions to chop down Sheffield’s trees as part of highway management
Council/local strategy of Trade unions
Will fight for causes such as conditions, pay and funding. Local action includes NEU teachers striking in November 2022
Rebranding
-Whereas regeneration is change to the built environment, services and culture, rebranding attempts to change perceptions and views of the place, sometimes called re-imaging
-This is often done through marketing and advertising and we can measure success based on both quantitative and qualitative sources of information
-e.g. crime rates, employment, migration, happiness
Why do places rebrand?
-To change place meaning
-e.g. people see it as a place to work/live/visit etc.
-Negative reputation associated with history
Events that have affected perceptions from outside
Rebranding of Blackpool
-Advertised itself in the early 20th century as a place to enjoy & socialise.
-As UK coastal holidays decreased, Blackpool rebranded to accommodate ‘nights out’ such as Stag and Hen parties. -Recently, they have tried to rebrand back to a family resort
