Equine Behavior

Question 1

The horse has which kinds of vision?

Answer 1

monocular and binocular

Question 2

They have good vision in which kind of light?

Answer 2

low light

Question 3

Horses have what kind of color vision? What colors can they see?

Answer 3

Dichromatic, ranges from blue to yellow colors

Question 4

Horses can hear in range of?

Answer 4

33 Hz to 55kHz

Question 4

Ear position generally relates to?

Answer 4

visual attention

Question 5

How far can they rotate their ears (auricle)?

Answer 5

180 degrees

Question 6

The olfactory system is used for what 3 things?

Answer 6

1. Identify other horses
2. Mating, identifying estrus
3. Locate water, feed

Question 7

What organ do horses have that causes a flehman response?

Answer 7

vomeronasal

Question 8

What are the 8 sensitive tactile parts of the body?

Answer 8

1. eyes
2. lips
3. ears
4. nose
5. withers
6. ribs
7. flanks
8. legs

Question 9

A snort means what?

Answer 9

danger

Question 10

A whinny or neigh means what?

Answer 10

distress, female calling foal, fights w/stallion

Question 11

Groaning means what?

Answer 11

habit (normal), signal pain, defecating

Question 12

A Nicker means what?

Answer 12

care-giving/affection, greeting/group cohesion, courtship

Question 13

Sighing means what?

Answer 13

relief or boredom

Question 13

A Squeal means what?

Answer 13

defensive greeting or agnostic encounters

Question 14

What are the 6 parts of the body that show horse behavior?

Answer 14

1. Ears
2. Tail
3. Mouth & lips
4. Eyes
5. Nostrils
6. Stance

Question 15

When ears are turned back, but relaxed this means what?

Answer 15

listening to the rider, or interested in what is behind them

Question 16

When ears are forward, but relaxed this means what?

Answer 16

interested in what is in front of them

Question 17

When ears are pointed stiffly forward this means what?

Answer 17

alarmed or nervous about what is in front of them; looking for danger

Question 18

When ears are pointed left and right, but relaxed this means what?

Answer 18

relaxed, paying attention to whats on both sides

Question 19

When ears are pointed stiffly back this means what?

Answer 19

annoyed or worried about what is behind them

Question 19

When ears are droopy this means what?

Answer 19

calm and resting

Question 20

When ears are flat towards the neck this means what?

Answer 20

violently angry

Question 21

When the tail is tightly tucked down this means what?

Answer 21

danger to the rear

Question 22

When the tail is switching this means what?

Answer 22

annoyed or irritated

Question 23

What are the 4 social organization groups?

Answer 23

1. Harem (families) 2. mares 3. stallions 4. bachelor group

Question 23

When ears are droopy, and one hind leg is rested on toe this means what?

Answer 23

calm and resting

Question 24

What is Ingestive behavior?

Answer 24

the taking in of food or water into the digestive tract

Question 25

What is Eliminative behavior?

Answer 25

defecation or urination

Question 26

What is Contactual behavior?

Answer 26

generally the result of seeking affection or protection

Question 27

What is sexual behavior?

Answer 27

all acts associated with the ultimate fertilization process, including courtship and copulation

Question 28

What is Epimeletic behavior?

Answer 28

the giving of care and attention

Question 29

What is Et-epimeletic behavior?

Answer 29

signaling for care and/or attention by movement or calling

Question 30

What is Allelomimetic behavior?

Answer 30

mimicry, contagious or infectious behavior

Question 31

What is Investigative behavior?

Answer 31

sensory inspection of the environment – sight, smell, touch, hearing, taste

Question 32

What is dominance behavior?

Answer 32

having to do with the “pecking order” or highly developed dominance hierarchies

Question 32

What is Agonistic behavior?

Answer 32

all actions that are a result of or associated with conflict or fighting

Question 33

Standing head-to-tail and mutually fighting flies or Scratching each other over the withers and back are examples of which behavior?

Answer 33

Epimeletic

Question 34

Foal excitedly calling for its dam when separated or Vocalizing to human at feeding time are examples of which behavior?

Answer 34

Et-epimeletic

Question 35

Running because another horse is running is an example of which behavior?

Answer 35

Allelomimetic

Question 36

What are the 2 main things that affect behavior?

Answer 36

1. Environment 2. Genetics

Question 37

In which 4 ways does environment affect behavior?

Answer 37

1. Stress 2. Exercise 3. Diet 4. Experiences

Question 38

In which 4 ways does genetics affect behavior?

Answer 38

1. Breed 2. Type 3. Gender 4. Family group

Question 39

One must manage horses according to which 2 things?

Answer 39

1. Dominance 2. Submission in the herd

Question 40

A dominant horse is not always aggressive when using which rule components?

Answer 40

* Pinned ears * Threatening gestures * Intimidating charges

Question 40

What is the second line of defense? Why?

Answer 40

fight, they will only resort to fight when there is no option for fleeing

Question 41

Horses have a very ____ response time.

Answer 41

fast

Question 41

Horses exert dominance by what?

Answer 41

controlling movement of their peers

Question 42

What is the first line of defense? Why?

Answer 42

flight, they feel safer when they are moving

Question 43

Horses accept dominance when what 2 things happen?

Answer 43

1. A human or another animal causes them to move when they prefer not to 2. A human or another animal inhibits movement when they want to flee

Question 43

Horses are a ______ species.

Answer 43

precocial

Question 44

What is contingent reinforcement? Provide an example.

Answer 44

Must be given with relation to the response - Ex: clicker button

Question 44

What is primary reinforcement? Provide an example.

Answer 44

Natural reinforcement Ex: Feed

Question 44

Stereotypical behaviors are also called what?

Answer 44

Vices

Question 44

They develop the negative stereotypical behaviors response to stressors caused by what 4 things?

Answer 44

1. Frustration 2. Isolation 3. Anticipation 4. lack of activity/boredom

Question 44

What is reinforcement?

Answer 44

how a trainer strengthens a response to a stimulus

Question 44

What are the 7 aggressive vices that are dangerous to humans?

Answer 44

* Biting * Charging * Crowding * Rearing * Kicking * Striking * Fighting

Question 44

What is Secondary reinforcement? Provide an example.

Answer 44

Learned method of reinforcement Ex:. “removal reinforcement”

Question 44

What are the 3 responses to stress?

Answer 44

1. Habituate 2. Develop Abnormal Behavior 3. Permanent Fear Memory

Question 45

Horses graze up to ____% of the day.

Answer 45

80

Question 46

What are the 2 types of reinforcement?

Answer 46

1. Primary 2. Secondary

Question 46

Always present the ____ cue first followed by the ____ cue that the horse knows

Answer 46

new, old

Question 46

What are the 10 aggressive vices that are dangerous to the horse?

Answer 46

* Cribbing * Wood chewing * Eating dirt, bedding, manure (Coprophagy) * Bolting food * Sitting back * Mane/tail rubbing * Pawing * Stall walking * Weaving * Self mutilation

Question 46

What is positive reinforcement? Is it primary or secondary?

Answer 46

- Reward training, Pat on the neck or kind words/voice - secondary reinforcement

Question 46

What are the 3 types of negative reinforcement?

Answer 46

1. Punishment 2. Escape 3. Avoidance

Question 47

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 47

Aversive stimuli that the horse will work to avoid

Question 48

What is Alternate Response reinforcement?

Answer 48

When a horse is punished for making the wrong response, the trainer should make sure the desired response is available

Question 49

What is Shaping Behavior? Provide an example.

Answer 49

Reinforcing each successive approximation of the desired response Ex: Rewarding one step back will lead to many steps and a good backing horse

Question 50

What are the 2 schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 50

1. Acquisition phase 2. Extinction phase

Question 51

What is the acquisition phase? What does it result in?

Answer 51

Horse is continuously reinforced. Trainer gives reward/punishment for every response Results in faster learning

Question 52

What is the extinction phase?

Answer 52

If/when a horse will make no correct response, with no reinforcement or with continuous reinforcement in the older, “finished” horse

Question 53

What does Intermittent reinforcement mean?

Answer 53

trained horse

Question 54

In which schedule of reinforcement does intermittent reinforcement occur?

Answer 54

the extinction phase