Equine > Practical 2 > Flashcards

Practical 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of parasites?

A
  • strongyles
  • ascarids
  • pinworms
  • tapeworms
  • bots
    (Look at PowerPoint for pictures)
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2
Q

What is the fecal egg count?

A

Measures the number of parasite eggs in a gram of fecal manure to help determine the level of shedding and correct deworming treatment

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3
Q

What is the egg count level (eggs per gram) of a low shedder?

A

< 200 EPG

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4
Q

What is the egg count level for a moderate shedder?

A

200-500 EPG

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5
Q

What is the egg count level of a high shedder?

A

> 500 EPG

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6
Q

What are the supplies needed to do a fecal egg count?

A
  • 4g fecal sample
  • 26 mL flotation medium
  • disposable cup
  • gauze
  • piper
  • tongue depressor
  • McMaster slide
  • microscope
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7
Q

What are the steps of performing a fecal egg count?

A
  1. Measure out 4g of fecal matter
  2. Measure out 26 mL sugar sheathers solution
  3. Mix the fecal and sheathers solution until well combined
  4. Strain fecal solution over gauze into a new cup
  5. Fill McMaster slide
  6. Wait at least 2 minutes
  7. Identify and count parasite eggs by type and multiply by 25 fr each type
  8. Create a deworming plan
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8
Q

What are the active ingredients of Benzimidazoles?

A
  • Fenbendazole
  • Oxibendazole
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9
Q

What are the common targets of Benziminidazoles?

A
  • large and small strongyles
  • ascarids
  • pinworms
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10
Q

What are the active ingredients of Pyrimidines?

A

Pyrantel pamoate

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11
Q

What are the common targets of Pyrimidines?

A
  • large strongyles
  • ascarids
  • pinworms
  • tapeworms
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12
Q

What are the active ingredients of Macrocyclic Lactones?

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Moxidectin
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13
Q

What are the common targets of Macrocyclic Lactones?

A
  • large and small strongyles
  • ascarids
  • pinworms
  • bots
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14
Q

What are the active ingredients of Prazino-Isoquinolines?

A

Praziquantel

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15
Q

What are the common targets of Prazine-Isoquinolines?

A

Tapeworms

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16
Q

What is an anthelminic?

A

dewormers, are anti-parasitic medications

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17
Q

What is refugia?

A

The unreached population of worms during treatment (those parasite stages on pasture or in untreated horses). The more parasites in refugia, the less chance of them developing resistance. Ideally, we want to deworm when refugia levels are at their highest in spring and fall.

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18
Q

What are the recommended deworming programs for adults?

A
  • Target large strongyles, bots, and spirurid nematodes responsible for causing summer sores
  • Give all horses their spring and fall treatments
  • Only deworm high shedders more often (an additional 1-2 times).
  • Treatments should target high Strongyle shedders.
  • Focus on anthelmintic treatments during seasons of peak transmission.
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19
Q

What is the recommended deworming program for weanlings and yearlings?

A

Weanlings
- Targeted treatments based on FEC are not recommended.
- annual FECRT can be utilized against strongyles and ascarid.
- Target Ascarids
- 1st treatment at ~ 2-3 mo. of age
- 2nd treatment around five mo. of age
- 6-9 mo. of age - treated with a macrocyclic lactone for strongyles and praziquantel for tapeworms

Yearlings
- Treatments should generally follow the protocol for high Strongyle shedders.
- Yearlings receive treatments in the spring, the middle of the transmission season, and the fall.

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20
Q

What environmental control can a horse owner use to decrease the parasite burden?

A
  • manure removal
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21
Q

It was determined from a fecal analysis your horse is a high shedder. You live in Iowa. List the month you plan to deworm the horse and what dewormer was used:

A

For a high shedder in Iowa, plan to deworm 3-4 times a year:
1. Spring (March/April) with Ivermectin/Moxidectin
2. Summer (June/July) with Ivermectin
3. Early Fall (Sept/Oct) with Ivermectin/Praziquantel (for tapeworms)
4. Late Fall (Nov/Dec) with Moxidectin/Praziquantel

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22
Q

What are the main nutrients of feeds/feedstuffs?

A
  • water
  • protein
  • carbohydrate
  • fat
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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23
Q

What is the purpose of water?

A

Most needed nutrient

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24
Q

What is the purpose of protein?

A

Builds the body

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25
What is the purpose of carbohydrates
Fuel, energy
26
What is the purpose of fats?
2.5 times more energy than carbohydrates
27
What is the purpose of vitamins?
Important for chemical reactions
28
What is the purpose of minerals?
Needed for life processes
29
What are the types of feeds?
- energy feeds / concentrates - protein feeds - roughages
30
Explain energy feeds / concentrates:
- cereal grains - less than 18% fiber - less than 20% protein
31
Explain protein feeds:
- plant, animal, or non-protein nitrogen - more than 20% protein
32
Explain roughages:
18-50% fiber
33
Feedstuff quality is based on:
- color - odor - visual assessment
34
Hay quality is based on:
- maturity - spoilage - heat - content - color - freshness
35
What is the information required on a feed label?
- product name - product purpose - nutritional analysis - ingredients - feeding instructions - manufacture
36
What is Step 1 of determining what you are getting out of your feed?
- gaining information about the horse (weight, age, BCS, activity) - horse requirements in protein, calcium, and phosphorus - hay (feed) analysis (grams of protein, calcium, and phosphorus) - calculate how much protein, Ca, and P does the feed need to have to meet the requirements (subtract the horse requirements by the hay analysis)
37
What is Step 2 of determining what you are getting out of your feed?
Determine if feed meets protein requirements - convert the % protein to a decimal (12% / 100 = 0.12) - determine how many grams of protein are in one pound of feed and convert to grams (0.12 x 454g = 54.48 g in 1lb of feed) - look at label to see how much you should feed your horse (look at feed directions) - multiply the amount you are going to feed by the protein amount (5lbs x 54.48 = 272.4 grams of protein)
38
What is Step 3 of determining what you are getting out of your feed?
Calculate the Ca and P requirements - we know that we will feed him 5 lbs - we know 454 g = 1 lb - use the minimum requirement from the guaranteed analysis on the food label (5 x 0.0075 x 454 =17.025 Ca) (5 x 0.0045 x 454 =10.215 P)
39
What is Step 4 of determining what you are getting out of your feed?
Feed costs - 50 lb bag of Triple Crown costs $20.40 - determine how much per pound the bag costs (20.40 / 50lb = $0.408) - we are going to feed the horses 5 lbs so multiple the 5 lbs by the cost per pound (5 x 0.408 = $2.04) - the total cost per day of feeding this feed is $2.04
40
What is Anthelmintic Resistance?
An inherited trait in which parasites survive dewormer treatment and pass their resistance on to subsequent generations of worms.
41
What does FECRT stand for?
Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test
42
What is a FECRT?
The percent reduction in parasite eggs based on an FEC performed 10-14 days post-worming. Use the equation below.
42
What are the most effective against Strongyles?
Macrocyclic lactones
43
Praziquantel should be included for tapeworms at least ____ a year if horses can access green pastures.
once
44
The mare has a ______ uterus or a type of _______.
BIPARTITE, A TYPE OF BICORNUATE
45
What is the calculation for fresh semen?
500 X 10^ 6 / (% MOTILITY X CONCENTRATION)
46
What is the calculation for cool, shipped semen?
1000 X 10^ 6 / (% MOTILITY X CONCENTRATION)
47
What is a mare ultrasound examination?
test for pregnancy or look at reproductive organs
48
What is evaluated in a mare ultrasound?
MONITOR PLACENTAL FUNCTION & FETAL GROWTH
49
When would you ultrasound a pregnant mare?
14-16 days
50
51
At what age are most castrations performed?
1 year to 1 year 6 months of age
52
What vaccine is important to give at or before the time of castration?
tetanus
52
What is the name of the tool used to crush and cut the spermatic cord and prevent bleeding?
emasculator
53
What is the cost of a standard castration on a weanling?
average $500-700, but depends on where it is being done
54
What does cryptorchid mean?
only 1 or none of the the testicles have descended outside of the body cavity
55
At what age should a horse owner be concerned about undescended testicles?
1-1.5 years of age
56
What aftercare is necessary for a newly gelded horse?
stall rest, NSAIDS, light exercise, monitoring
57
What are some items used in collection?
artificial vagina and liners, collection bottle with filters, lube, gloves
58
What are the 2 types of artificial vaginas?
missouri and colorado
59
What is the average temperature that the AV needs to be?
45-50 C, or around 120 F
60
How do you calculate EPG?
Count the eggs on the slides and multiply by 25
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