1
Q
Nutrition = ______
A
energy
2
Q
What are the 2 sources of energy?
A
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
3
Q
What is the effect on performance if there is a decrease in energy?
A
decrease in performance
4
Q
Fuel comes from what 3 things?
A
- blood glucose
- glycogen
- triglycerides and free fatty acids
5
Q
Glycogen is found in what 2 parts of the body?
A
- Liver
- Muscle
6
Q
Free fatty acids and triglycerides are used when?
A
during prolonged periods of moderate work
7
Q
Free fatty acids and triglycerides are mobilized from what?
A
fat tissue
8
Q
Which part of the fuel can provide up to 1/3 of the fuel for aerobic metabolism?
A
free fatty acids and triglycerides
8
Q
Which of the 3 parts of fuel is the most accessible?
A
blood glucose
9
Q
What are the 2 types of energy metabolism?
A
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
10
Q
Describe the 5 things of aerobic metabolism?
(1-oxygen, 2- converts what, 3- what process does this come from, 4- produces what, 5- energy activity)
A
- With oxygen
- Converts: Carbs, Fats, & Proteins
- Process: Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Produce: CO 2 , H 2 O, & ATP
- Energy: Long Duration Activity
11
Q
Describe the 5 things of anaerobic metabolism?
(1-oxygen, 2- converts what, 3- what process does this come from, 4- produces what, 5- energy activity)
A
- Without oxygen
- Converts: Carbs
- Process: Glycolysis – (partial) breakdown of glucose
- Produce: Lactate & ATP
- Energy: Short/High Intensity
11
Q
Lactic acid is produced during which metabolism?
A
anaerobic
12
Q
What is the fastest way to produce ATP?
A
anerobic metabolism
13
Q
Is anaerobic metabolism more or less efficient than aerobic metabolism?
A
less
14
Q
HORSES THAT CAN GENERATE A HIGHER PROPORTION OF ENERGY AEROBICALLY WILL OUTPERFORM HORSES WITH
A
LOWER AEROBIC CAPACITY
14
Q
What does lactic acid do and cause?
A
decreases muscle pH and causes fatigue
15
Q
What is the pathway for anaerobic glycolysis? (begins with glucose and ends with lactic acid)
A
Glucose -(adding in 2ATP) > 3-G-P -> pyruvic acid -(fermentation)> lactic acid
15
Q
Sprinting using which type of metabolism?
A
anaerobic
16
Q
Distance running uses what type of metabolism?
A
aerobic
16
Q
How many ATP are produced in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
A
Aerobic- 36 ATP
Anaerobically- 3 ATP
17
Q
A walk is which type of muscle and what kind of twitch?
A
Type I Muscle (Slow Twitch)
18
Q
The amount of ATP needed depends on what?
A
how fast the muscles are
contracting
19
Q
Is Type ll A muscle anaerobic or aerobic? What does it burn?
A
Aerobic, burns glycogen
19
A trot is which type of muscle and what kind of twitch?
Type I and II A Muscle (Fast Twitch)
19
Is Type l muscle anaerobic or aerobic? What does it burn?
Aerobic, burns fat
20
A gallop is which type of muscle and what kind of twitch?
Type II B Muscle (Very Fast Twitch)
21
Is Type ll B muscle anaerobic or aerobic?
Anaerobic
22
At rest, how much ATP is required?
1.7 ATP Requirement
23
At a slow trot ( 8 min mile ) , how much ATP is required?
23 ATP Requirement
24
At a gallop ( 3 min mile ) , how much ATP is required?
55 ATP Requirement
25
What are the 3 types of muscles?
1. smooth
2. cardiac
3. skeletal
26
Cardiac muscle have which kind of fibers?
Excitatory and Conductive fibers
26
Smooth muscle is located throughout which 4 systems?
1. Digestive
2. respiratory
3. circulatory
4. urogenital
27
Cardiac muscles can be identified by which 3 kinds of muscles types (how does it look)?
1. Atrial
2. Ventricular
3. Striated
28
Skeletal muscle can be identified by which kind of muscle type (how does it look)?
Striated
29
The speed of contraction for Type l muscle fibers is?
Slow
30
The speed of contraction for Type ll A muscle fibers is?
Fast
31
The speed of contraction for Type ll B muscle fibers is?
Very fast
32
The Oxidative capacity for Type ll A muscle fibers is?
Intermediate to high
33
The Oxidative capacity for Type ll B muscle fibers is?
Low
34
The Oxidative capacity for Type l muscle fibers is?
High
35
The Glycolytic capacity for Type l muscle fibers is?
Intermediate
36
The Glycolytic capacity for Type ll A muscle fibers is?
high
37
The Glycolytic capacity for Type ll B muscle fibers is?
high
38
The glycogen content for Type ll B muscle fibers is?
high
39
The glycogen content for Type ll A muscle fibers is?
high
40
The glycogen content for Type l muscle fibers is?
Intermediate
41
The lipid content for Type l muscle fibers is?
high
42
The lipid content for Type ll A muscle fibers is?
Intermediate
43
The lipid content for Type ll B muscle fibers is?
low
44
The Fatiguability for Type l muscle fibers is?
low
45
The Fatiguability for Type ll A muscle fibers is?
Intermediate
46
The Fatiguability for Type ll B muscle fibers is?
high
47
Capacity is what? What does it reflect?
finite, reflects: conformation, breeding, experiences
48
Faulty conformation = _____ ______
Poor performance
49
Faulty conformation affects what 4 things?
1. Unsoundness
2. Poor movement
3. inefficiency
4. early fatigue
50
An example of faulty conformation is: a horse with a short quick stride will take more breaths but have reduced oxygen transfer in the lungs. What is the result?
reduced aerobic capacity
51
Oxygen is carried through the blood in ______________.
hemoglobin in red blood cells
52
Horses may store up to ½ of their red blood cells in the ___________
when they are not exercising.
spleen
53
Hematocrit and Packed Cell is?
measure proportion of blood volume
occupied by red blood cells
54
What are the 4 other things that the cardiovascular system does, other than delivering blood to other parts of the body?
1. O2 from lungs
2. Nutrients from GI tract
3. Carry end-products to lungs and kidney for removal
4. Diverts blood to the periphery to help cool the animal (regulate
temperature)
55
What is the normal resting heart rate?
28-45 bpm
56
What is the normal stroke volume?
800-900 mls/bpm
57
How do you calculate cardiac output?
HR x SV
58
What are the 3 ways to increase blood flow?
1. Increase cardiac output (CO)
2. Increase O2 carried in blood
3. Redistribute blood flow
59
Increasing metabolic activity in limbs causes an increase in what?
blood flow
60
What can double O2 carrying capacity?
Spleenic dumping
61
Changes in blood flow can occur in which 2 ways?
1. Vasodilation
2. Vasoconstriction
62
Vasodilation involves which 2 parts in the body?
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Skin
63
Vasoconstriction involves which part in the body?
Digestive tract
64
What is the normal respiration frequency in the horse?
8-20 bpm
65
How do you calculate minute volume?
Tidal Volume x frequency
66
What is Laryngeal Hemiplegia? How do you treat it?
1. Partial paralysis of larynx and Inadequate gas exchange
2. Surgical treatment
67
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
Mucosal surface inflamed & exudate present in trachea
68
Which respiratory diseases has a hyper-allergenic response to dust and mold?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
68
What is Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage?
Bleeding in lungs & moves to air passages
69
An increase in exercise intensity > Increase in heat ____ > Increase need for heat ______
load, dissipation
70
What are 5 things to keep in mind for conditioning?
1. Always have goal in mind
2. Event specific conditioning
3. Ample time to reach goal
4. Level of training
5. Age specific
71
What are the 4 considerations for conditioning?
1. Genetics
2. Training
3. Age
4. Skeletal Soundness
72
What are the 4 conditioning goals?
1. Teach body to stay in the aerobic energy pathway longer
2. Teach the body to use more oxygen
3. Increase oxygen transport to muscles
4. Improve waste removal from the muscles
73
Describe a basic conditioning program outline.
30 days of long, slow distance work (Consists of walking, slow trotting, beginning extended trot, loping,
cantering and some galloping),
Training should involve suppling, Cardio system will respond faster than tendons and bones
74
Pre-Ride Checks look for what?
elevated HR, stiffness, muscle soreness
75
Adequate Warm-ups allow the muscles and tendon to warm up which helps them with what?
accommodate harder work as it raises the body temperature and increases blood flow
76
When advancing fitness, you should carefully introduce _____ intensity, _____ duration work.
high, short
77
What are the activities of advancing fitness?
Sprinting, stopping, spinning, cutting, climbing a hill, negotiating obstacles
78
After 4-6 weeks of slow distance work, a colt may only be sprinted
for a _____ ______.
short distance
79
Over the next 6 weeks, the _____ ______ will result in the ability to
perform more sprints in a workout before fatigue
interval training
80
By working one cow for a shorter amount of time. Then returning to the herd for a second cow. The horse can use the time in the herd for _____ _____ that lets the horse work the second cow or even a third more accurately.
active rest
81
What are some ways of evaluating performance?
Observation, Exercise Test, Lactate
Concentrations, Temperature Monitoring, Muscle Enzymes, Thermography, Ultrasonography, Bone scanning & photon absorptiometry (measures bone density), Radiography
81
Using heart rate, it can indicate what 2 things?
1. level of workload
2. recovery time
82
What are the 4 things that influence of conditioning has on the cardio system?
1. Decreased HR at given speed
2. Quicker recovery to given HR
3. increased Capillary density in muscle and O2 delivered to muscles
4. increased total blood volume
83
What are the 4 things that influence of conditioning has on the respiratory system?
1. increased Oxygen Utilization
2. Greater O2 uptake
3. increased aerobic capacity
4. Enhance VO2 max with training
84
What are the 5 signs of fatigue?
1. Respiration rate > heart rate
2. Hyperventilating/shallow breathing
3. Muscle soreness
4. Ataxia
5. Dehydration
85
Monitoring fitness for recovery should look like what for HR?
Heart rate should be:
1. Below 120 bpm @ 2 min post exercise
2. Below 70 bpm @ 10 min post exercise
86
Monitoring fitness for Interval training should look like what for a
series of sprints with relief periods?
Sprint = HR 170-190 bpm
Relief = HR below 120 bpm
87
What are the 3 signs of trouble?
1. Poor attitude
2. Off feed
3. High post work pulse
88
What are the 4 signs of fitness?
1. Sweat has changed from thick and sticky to thin and watery
2. Visible network of vessels over the horse’s neck
3. Bright, willing attitude
4. Visibly healthy coat – fine and shiny
89
If a horse is working hard and inhaling 18 L of air per breath, what is its Tidal Volume (TV)?
18
90
What is the Minute Volume for a horse who inhales 12 L of air per breath and has a respiration rate of 94?
1128
91
While breathing at a gallop, the horse _____ when the fore legs are _____ and ____ during the ______ phase of the stride.
1. inhales
2. extended
3. exhales
4. suspension
92
If a horse that is trotting has a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and the heart pumps 850 mls of blood per beat what is this horse’s stroke volume?
850
93
If the horse's heart pumps 850 mls of blood per beat and it now performs a moderate work interval and has a heart rate of 170 what is his cardiac output in L/min.
144.5 L/min
94
Which kind of twitch has these things: aerobic, slow contraction, and good for endurance/fatigue resistant?
Slow twitch
95
Which kind of twitch has these things: Intermediate endurance, fast contraction, and Intermediate use of oxygen
Fast Twitch IIA
96
Which kind of twitch has these things: produces lactate, Anaerobic, low endurance/best for quick bursts, and very fast contraction
Fast Twitch IIB
97
The horse’s skeletal system will be the slowest to respond to conditioning, what body system or structure responds the fastest?
cardiovascular
98
Horses have the unique ability to increase the number of these in their blood stream using a feature called what?
splenic contraction
Equine
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
Equine Events and Breeds37
-
Conformation53
-
Unsoundness Blemishes39
-
Laminitis and Navicular Syndrome22
-
Locomotion and Gaits19
-
Practical 144
-
Exercise Physiology108
-
Equine Behavior73
-
Reproduction (Male and Female)111
-
Current Industry Challenges (NOT IN STUDY GUIDE FOR E2)1
-
Genetics (Coat Color)58
-
Genetic Diseases31
-
Dental Care50
-
Nutrition104
-
Practical 262
-
Parasite Management93
-
Biosecurity and Disease Control46
-
Equine Diseases and Vaccinations83
-
Metabolic Problems and Colic42
-
Equine Facilities95
-
Purchasing a Horse29
