Ethics

Question 1

deception

Answer 1

• participants are lied to about certain aspects of the study
• e.g. not being told the true aim of the study, or being deceived within procedure, use of a stooge/confederate/actor (a researcher who pretends he is a participant to deceive the actual participants).

Question 2

informed consent

Answer 2

participant decides to take part in the study based on full knowledge of the procedures of the study

Question 3

Right to withdraw

Answer 3

Participants have the right to leave the study whenever they wish and should not be forced to continue against their will

Question 4

Protection from Harm

Answer 4

Participants should be protected from both physical and psychological harm during the procedure
* should leave study same way they entered

Question 5

confidentiality

Answer 5

Personal information of participants such as their address, and identities, or place of work should not be revealed when publishing the study

Question 6

privacy

Answer 6

The researcher should not ask participants any personal questions about their private lives that may make them feel uncomfortable as this may cause them psychological harm

Question 7

Debriefing

Answer 7

Participants should be told the true purpose and aim of the study they are participating in.

At times this is done at the beginning of the study, but sometimes when participants are deceived at the start of the study, they are often debriefed once the
study in concluded to avoid any long term psychological harm.

Question 8

Repeated measures design

Answer 8

all participants take part in all conditions

Question 9

Numbers (animal guidelines)

Answer 9

study should use minimum amount of animals possible to get results

Question 10

Replacement (animal guidelines)

Answer 10

Consider replacing animals in the study with video footage of other previous similar studies if this is an option, or even with computer simulations, rather than actually testing the animal in lab

Question 11

Pain and Distress (animal guidelines)

Answer 11

animals should not experience any physical or psychological pain or distress during the procedure

Question 12

Reward, Deprivation, and Aversive Stimuli (animal guidelines)

Answer 12

• animals should be rewarded (e.g. with toys) for showing any positive/desired behaviours
• shouldn’t be deprived of basic needs (e.g. food, water)
• don’t place any aversive stimuli that can threaten/harm the animal in their environment

Question 13

Social housing (animal guidelines)

Answer 13

• Social animals should be kept with other animals of the same species, not isolated as this may cause them psychological harm.
• non-social animals shouldn’t be kept with other animals as they may harm them

Question 14

Caging (animal guidelines)

Answer 14

• Animals shouldn’t be kept in small cages, and if they can be released, then they shouldn’t be kept in cages throughout the whole study.
• shouldn’t be kept in overcrowded cages or with other animals that may harm them

Question 15

Species and strain (animal guidelines)

Answer 15

• researcher should ensure they are using the correct species of animal for the study
• e.g. if the study is suitable for dogs but not cats, they should make sure they are conducting it on dogs only and not cats as this could cause psychological distress to the cats

Question 16

anaesthesia, euthanasia and analgesia (animal guidelines)

Answer 16

• if an operation/surgery is being conducted on
  the animal, then the researcher should consider using anesthesia to numb pain, or analgesia which are pain killers.
• Euthanasia: last resort when there is very little
  chance of survival for the animal or if they are in extreme pain, then they can opt to euthanize the animal (mercy killing)